Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Minerals |
the building blocks of rocks |
|
|
What are minerals made up of and how many are naturally occuring? |
Elements. 92 are naturally occuring. |
|
|
How many elements is the earth made of and what are they? |
Only 8 are what the earth is made of. Silicon, Oxygen, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, Aluminum, and Potassium. |
|
|
Elements are made up of what? |
Elements are made up of atoms that have the same number of protons. |
|
|
What charge does a proton and neutron have? Where are they located? |
A proton has a positive charge and a neutron has a equal charge. They are both in the nucleus. |
|
|
Electrons have what kind of charge and where is it located? |
Electrons have a negative charge on the outside. |
|
|
Ionic bonding |
Electrons are transferred between metals and nonmetals. (nonmetals and metals will transfer a metal between them that creates a bond and forms a mineral.) |
|
|
Covalent bonding |
Electrons shared between nonmetals. |
|
|
What defines a mineral? |
Nauturally occurring (formed in nature) Inorganic (not alive) Solid Orderly internal arrangement of atoms Definite chemical composition |
|
|
How can we tell minerals apart? |
Shape Color Texture |
|
|
What is streak? |
color of a mineral in a powdered form when scratched on a piece of glass (not for all minerals) |
|
|
What are the two major types of luster? |
Metallic luster and nonmetallic luster |
|
|
What is the hardness rate of a diamond? |
10 |
|
|
What is the hardness rate of talc? |
1 |
|
|
Define Cleavage |
tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness (along directions of weak bonds) |
|
|
Minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to.. |
fracture |
|
|
How is cleavage described by? |
Number of planes Angles between adjacent planes (these are constant for a particular mineral) |
|
The rock Mica has what type of break and how many directions? |
Cleavage. 1 direction. |
|
The rock Halite has what type of break and how many directions? |
Cleavage. 3 directions at 90 degrees. |
|
The rock Calcite has what type of break and how many directions? |
Cleavage. 3 directions not at 90 degrees. |
|
|
Calcite will have a reaction to what acid? |
Hydrochloric acid |
|
|
What are the special properties to recognize minerals? |
reaction with hydrochloric acid taste feel magnetism |
|
|
Group 1: Silcates are what? |
The most abundant rock-forming minerals 800 silicate minerals known and more than 94% of them make up earth's crust |
|
|
Silicates are made up of what elements? |
Silicon-oxygen (SiO4)4- 4 oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon ion (tetrahedron) |
|
|
List Silicate Structures from simple to complex |
Independent tetrahedra Single chains Double chains |
|
|
Group II: Non-silicates is what? |
Other minerals that make up 6% of the Earth's crust |
|
|
What is a polymorph? |
Minerals with same chemical composition BUT different internal arrangement of atoms |
|
|
What are rocks? |
The solid aggregate (combination) of one or more minerals |
|
|
What are the 3 types of rocks? |
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic |
|
|
How do Igneous Rocks form? |
Form from cooling molten rock (lava or magma) |
|
|
What is magma? |
Molten rock beneath the surface forms plutonic (intrusive) rock |
|
|
What is lava? |
Molten rock that has reached the surface and forms volcanic (extrusive) rock |
|
|
Define Plutonic |
Slow cooling over millions of years of magma below the surface |
|
|
Define Volcanic |
Fast cooling over days, months, or years of lava at the surface |
|
|
How can you identify Igneous Rocks? |
Texture (rate and location of cooling and Composition (color) |
|
|
Define an Igneous Texture |
Crystal (mineral) size is related to rate of cooling The more time, the bigger it could get |
|
|
Define an Aphanitic Texture |
fine grained texture few crystals visible in hand relatively rapid rate of cooling (volcanic) |
|
|
Define a Vesicular Texture |
lots of holes (vesicles) "fossil" gas bubbles rapid cooling rate (volcanic) |
|
|
Define a Glassy Texture |
very rapid cooling quenched (volcanic glass) no crystals found in obsidian rock |
|
|
Define a Phaneritic Texture |
coarse grained texture interlocking crystals of similar size slow cooling = crystallization beneath surface (plutonic) |
|
|
What is Bowen's reaction series? |
order of crystallization within a cooling magma |
|
|
Define what mafic means |
Dark colored minerals |
|
|
Define what intermediate means |
Dark/light colored minerals |
|
|
Define what felsic means |
Light colored minerals |
|
What composition is Basalt? Is it Volcanic or Plutonic? |
Its composition is mafic and it is volcanic |
|
What composition is Gabbro? Is it Volcanic or Plutonic? |
It's mafic and its plutonic |
|
What composition does Andesite have? Is it Volcanic or Plutonic? |
It's Intermediate and it is Volcanic |
|
What composition does Diorite have? Is it Volcanic or Plutonic? |
It's Intermediate and it is Plutonic |
|
What composition does Rhyolite have? Is it Volcanic or Plutonic? |
It's Felsic and it is Volcanic |
|
What composition does Granite have? Is it Volcanic or Plutonic? |
It's Felsic and it is Plutonic |
|
|
What are the 3 types of sedimentary rock? |
Detrital or Clastic Chemical Organic or Biochemical |
|
|
For Detrital or Clastic Sedimentary Rocks, what are the 4 steps of formation? |
Weathering Transportation Deposition Lithification |
|
|
"Breakdown of rock into sediment by physical and/or chemical processes" means what? |
Weathering |
|
|
Define Transportation |
Movement of sediment from source area by water, wind, or glaciers |
|
|
"Accumulation of sediment due to decrease in velocity of transporting agent" means what? |
Desposition |
|
|
Define Lithification |
Processes that convert the loose sediment into rock |
|
|
What is Breccia? |
Sediment in the rock that is angular and formed close to the source |
|
|
What is Conglomerate? |
Sediment in the rock that is round and formed farther from the source |
|
|
How do Chemical Sedimentary Rocks form? |
Form by precipitation of minerals from a solution |
|
|
How do Evaporites form? |
Form from saline rich waters when water has evaporated away |
|
|
How does Limestone form? |
Precipitation of calcite out of groundwater |
|
|
How does Coal form? What kind of Sedimentary Rock is it? |
Coal forms from the decay of organic material (plants) within swamp environment. It is an Organic or Biochemical Sedimentary Rock. |
|
|
How does peat under the swam turn into lignite coal? |
With heat and pressure |
|
|
How is Coquina formed? |
Coquina forms from the initial decay of shells and shell fragments |
|
|
How is chalk formed? |
Forms from the compaction of coccoliths |
|
|
Metamorphic rocks are.. |
The altering of pre-existing rocks WITHOUT melting |
|
|
What is a protolith? What type of rock can it be? |
The parent rock that is subjected to metamorphism. It can be any type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic). |
|
|
What are the three agents of metamorphism? |
temprature (at > 200 degrees C and can increase by depth) pressure (> 3000 bars) |
|
|
For the coniditions of metamorphism, when does melting begin? |
Melting begins when metamorphism stops. Melting begins at 700 degrees C |
|
|
______ metamorphism happens closest to the source. |
Contact |
|
|
Why do changes happen during contact metamorphism? |
They happen because of heat |
|
|
What are the 2 types of pressure and stress? |
Lithostatic pressure (uniform stress) and directed pressure (non-uniform stress) |
|
|
How does regional metamorphism change? |
By pressure. |
|
|
________ will reduce temperature at which reactions (change) will occur. |
Fluids |
|
|
What are the 3 agents of metamorphism? |
Heat Pressure Fluids |
|
Is this rock foliated or nonfoliated? |
Foliated |
|
|
Foliation is done by contact metamorphism or regional metamorphism? |
ONLY regional metamorphism |
|
Is this rock foliated or nonfoliated? |
Nonfoliated. |
|
|
Contact metamorphism creates what kind of texture? |
Nonfoliated (not layered) texture. |
|
What kind of metamorphic rock is this? Is it foliated or nonfoliated? Protolith? |
Slate. Foliated. Protolith is shale. |
|
What kind of metamorphic rock is this? Is it foliated or nonfoliated? Protolith?
|
Phyllite. Foliated. Slate. |
|
What kind of metamorphic rock is this? Is it foliated or nonfoliated? Protolith?
|
Schist. Foliated. The protolith is Phyllite. |
|
What kind of metamorphic rock is this? Is it foliated or nonfoliated? Protolith?
|
Gneiss. Foliated. The protolith is Schist or Granite/Diorite. |
|
What kind of metamorphic rock is this? Is it foliated or nonfoliated? Protolith?
|
Marble. Nonfoliated. Protolith is Limestone. |
|
What kind of metamorphic rock is this? Is it foliated or nonfoliated? Protolith?
|
Quartzite. Nonfoliated. Protolith is Sandstone. |
|
|
What rock is a special nonfoliated rock? |
An ultramafic plutonic igneous rock (mantle rock). Protolith is Peridotite. |
|
|
What is the state rock of CA? |
Serpentinite |
|
|
How does an igneous rock go to a sedimentary rock? Weathering, Heat, or Melting? |
By weathering. |
|
|
How does a sedimentary rock go to a metamorphic rock? Melting, Weathering, or Heat? |
By heat. |
|
|
How does a metamorphic rock go to a igneous rock? |
By melting. |
|
|
How does a sedimentary rock go to a igneous rock? |
By melting. |
|
|
How does a igneous rock go to a metamorphic rock? |
By heat. |
|
|
How does a metamorphic rock go to a sedimentary rock? |
By weathering. |
|
|
What are the processes of the hydrological cycle? |
Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. |
|
|
Solar energy absorbs water and the water vapor is in the process of? |
Evaporation |
|
|
Describe what takes place during condensation. |
Water vapor rises and cools to form clouds. |
|
|
Clouds may be heavy with water and cause... |
Precipitation. |
|
|
What are the three paths water can take? |
Runoff, Infiltration, and Transportation. |
|
|
Define a river. |
It is a body of running water, confined to a channel, that runs downhill in response to gravity |
|
|
The beginning of a river is called.. |
headwater (the head) |
|
|
The place where a stream enters the sea, lake or larger stream is called.. |
the mouth |
|
|
Define what is a channel. |
long, narrow depression eroded by a stream into rock or sediment
|
|
|
The side of a channel is called.. |
stream banks |
|
|
The stream bed is found where? |
At the bottom of the channel
|
|
|
Define a floodplain. |
flat valley floor composed of sediment deposited by the stream
|
|
|
Which river is the longest river? |
The Nile River. (4,132 miles) |
|
|
The Amazon river is most known for what? |
For having the highest discharge. (7.5 million cubic feet per second) |
|
|
Which river carries the most sediment? |
The yellow river because of the sediment from the Himalayas and Gobi Desert. |
|
|
Define a drainage basin. |
total area drained by a stream and its tributaries
|
|
|
A small stream flowing into a larger one is called a.. |
Tributary |
|
|
Describe what is a divide. |
ridge or high ground that separates drainage basins (mountains)
|
|
|
Where are the divides for the Mississippi River? |
Rocky Mountains in the west and Appalachain Mountains in the east |
|
|
What are the 3 roles of the river? |
Erosion, transport, and deposition. |
|
|
How is the role of the river determined? |
By velocity (the speed of the water flow) |
|
|
Higher velocities promote erosion but lower one promote.. |
deposition |
|
|
Describe what happens during erosion. |
streams cut their own valleys, which deepen and widen over time, carrying away sediment
|
|
|
What are the three mechanisims of erosion? |
Hydraulic action, solution, and abrasion |
|
|
Define hydraulic action. |
Flowing water picks up and transports rock/sediment |
|
|
The dissolution (disolving) of rocks is called.. |
Solution |
|
|
Describe what occurs during abrasion. |
grinding of stream channel by impact and friction of sediment load (sediment carried by flowing water)
|
|
|
Ions produced by chemical weathering is called.. |
a dissolved load |
|
|
Small/light particles that remain above the bottom (slit and clay sediment) is called.. |
a suspended load |
|
|
Describe a bed load |
Large/heavy particles that travel on a streambed |
|
|
Describe traction |
large/heavy particles that move along streambed by rolling, sliding, or dragging
|
|
|
Particles that “bounce” along the bottom, sometimes suspended is called..
|
Saltation |
|
|
Define transport. |
Sediments transported by stream. |
|
|
Define deposition. |
sediments temporarily deposited along stream course as 1. bars, 2. natural levees, 3. deltas, and 4. alluvial fans
|
|
What is being pointed to? |
Bars (ridges of sediment) |
|
How do bars in bradied streams get formed? |
Deposited as numerous bars around which water flows in highly connected small, shallow channels
|
|
How do point bars in meandering streams form? |
They flow faster along the outside of the bends (meanders) and more slowly on the inside |
|
What kind of lake is this? |
An Oxbow lake |
|
|
Define an oxbow lake (meander scars). |
Former meander bends, left behind due to changes in river’s course.
|
|
|
Define a natural leeve |
They form as a result of flooding |
|
What is this a picture of? |
A natural leeve |
|
|
Describe a delta. |
Body of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river into a body of water. |
|
What kind of deposition is this? |
An Alluvial Fan. It looks like a large fan or cone shaped pile of sediment. |
|
|
How are Alluvial Fans formed? |
Forms when the stream velocity decreases as the stream emerges from a narrow mountain canyon onto a plain |
|
|
Where is the headwaters of the Mississippi River? |
Lake Itasca, Minnesota |
|
|
Where is the mouth of the Mississippi River? |
New Orleans, Louisiana |
|
|
What is the most dangerous river west of the Mississippi? |
Santa Ana River |
