Earth Science

Front 1

1. What is the name for molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface?

Back 1

Magma

Front 2

2. What is the name for molten rock erupted on the Earth’s surface?

Back 2

Lava

Front 3

3. What is the general term for volcanic rock ejected into the air?

Back 3

pumus

Front 4

4. How long has volcanism been active on the Earth?

Back 4

10,000 years

Front 5

5. In general, where are active volcanoes located on Earth?

Back 5

Mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones and hot spots

Front 6

6. What is a “dormant volcano”?

Back 6

an active volcano that is not erupting but is supposed to erupt again

Front 7

7. In what setting does most of the volcanic activity occur on Earth?

Back 7

Mid-ocean ridges

Front 8

8. In what setting do the most violent volcanic eruptions on Earth occur?

Back 8

subduction zones

Front 9

9. Why does magma rise toward the Earth’s surface and erupt?

Back 9

Magma rises through crust because it is less dense then the surrounding rock

Front 10

10. What processes occur in magma chambers?

Back 10

mass of molten magma that rises through the earth's curst, often erupting at the surface to build a volcano

Front 11

11. Basaltic magma is produced by what process?

Back 11

sea-floor spreading

Front 12

12. What is the name of the coarse-grained plutonic rock equivalent to rhyolite?

Back 12

granite

Front 13

13. What is the name of the coarse-grained plutonic rock equivalent to basalt?

Back 13

Gabbro

Front 14

14. What are the key features that distinguish rhyolite from basalt?

Back 14

Rhyolite is white or pale shades, has high viscosity, 70% silica.Basalt is brown to black, low viscosity, 50% silica

Front 15

15. Which volcanic rock type is characteristic of mid-ocean ridge spreading centers?

Back 15

Basalt (low silica)

Front 16

17. Which volcanic rock type is characteristic of subduction zones?

Back 16

Andesite (intermediate silica)

Front 17

18. Which volcanic rock type is characteristic ofhot spots?

Back 17

Rhyolite and Pumice (high silica)

Front 18

19. Discordant, sheet-like conduits that feedvolcanic eruptions are called what?

Back 18

Dike

Front 19

20. Regularly spaced cracks formed by contractionduring cooling in igneous rocks are called what?

Back 19

Columnar Joint

Front 20

21. Devil’s Tower in Wyoming is typical of what kind of structure?

Back 20

Columnar Structure

Front 21

22. How do plutons and batholiths form?

Back 21

Batholith is any deep-seated proton of coarse-grained rocks that has surface exposure of over 100 sq. km that is mostly granitic; built from smaller protons (form of an intrusive igneous mass) and Plutons are Magma solidified on the sub surface

Front 22

23. How do geysers form?

Back 22

The heat comes from the magma that is near the surface of the earth. Pressure that is encountered at where water is heated makes boiling point of water much higher. Water ejected from geyser travels underneath through earth's crust. Plumbing system that holds the water while it is being heated

Front 23

24. Mid-ocean ridge spreading centers form in whatplate tectonic environment?

Back 23

Divergent Plate Boundaries

Front 24

25. Mid-ocean ridge spreading processes can beseen in what subaerial environment?

Back 24

ocean floor

Front 25

26. What is the typical depth of the oceans atmid-ocean ridges?

Back 25

2,500 meters

Front 26

27. What are the key features of fast-spreading ridges?

Back 26

Narrow, sharp incisions surrounded by generally flat topography that slopes away from the ridge over many hundreds of mile

Front 27

28. What are the key features of slow-spreading ridges?

Back 27

Large, wide rift valleys (10-20 km), rugged terrain at ridge crest that can have relief up to 1,000 m

Front 28

29. How deep in the crust are mid-ocean ridge magma chambers?

Back 28

1-10 km under the surface (extremely close to surface)

Front 29

30. What accounts for the biological activity centered at mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents?

Back 29

Sea water/ rock reaction-metamorphism. Sulfur in vent fluids supports photosynthetic ecosystems. Vent structures illustrates exhalative formation. Significant variations in chemistry and biology globally. Likely origin of life.Analog for possible extraterrestrial forms

Front 30

33. What is the most common form of basaltic lavas on the seafloor?

Back 30

Pillow Basalt

Front 31

35. What is the ‘Ring of Fire”?

Back 31

subduction volcanoes that border the pacific basin

Front 32

36. What processes cause melting to occur beneath subduction zone volcanoes?

Back 32

flux melting

Front 33

37. What 2 key factors account for the violent eruptions of subduction zone volcanoes?

Back 33

viscosity and silica content

Front 34

38. What factor determines the distance of subduction zone volcanoes from deep sea trenches?

Back 34

the dip angle

Front 35

39. At about what depth does melting occur at subduction zones?

Back 35

100-100km

Front 36

40. What is the name for large, steep-sided volcanoes composed of layers of lava and pyroclastic material?

Back 36

composite/strato volcano

Front 37

41. What is a “nuee ardente”?

Back 37

a. growing cloud (Mt. Pelee)

b. explosive and hot

c. fast moving flows

d. high viscous magmas and lots of silica

e. trapped air and magmatic gases

f. very denseg. flows downslope

Front 38

43. What are the names of some famous subduction zone volcanoes?

Back 38

a. Mt. Fuji (Japan)

b. Mt. St. Helens (Washington)

c. Krakatoa (Indonesia)

d. Mt. Tambora (Indonesia)

Front 39

44. How are hot spots related to continental rifting?

Back 39

hot spot tracks are formed by plates moving

Front 40

45. What is a LIP (Large Igneous Province)?

Back 40

extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks including liquid rock or volcanic rock when magma extrudes from inside the earth and flows out

Front 41

47. What is the origin of chains of volcanic islands and sea mounts on the seafloor?

Back 41

hotspots

Front 42

48. Volcanoes can be seen where in the solarsystem (besides Earth)?

Back 42

Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn

Front 43

49. What is the name of the biggest volcano in the solar system?

Back 43

Olympus Mons (Mars)

Front 44

50. Which of the other planets in the solar system is most like Earth?

Back 44

Mars

Front 45

51. What is viscosity?

Back 45

The state of being thick, sticky, and semi fluid in consistency due to internal fraction

Front 46

53. What is the temperature of basaltic lava when it is Syracuse Orange?

Back 46

1150 degrees celcius

Front 47

54. How hot is basaltic lava when it erupts?

Back 47

1000-1250 degrees celcius

Front 48

55. Why do lava flows stop flowing?

Back 48

cooled down with water, building barriers, add concrete

Front 49

56. When did the most recent volcanic eruption occur in Iceland?

Back 49

2014

Front 50

57. What appears to be the most reliable precursor or a volcanic eruption?

Back 50

a.eruption history

b.volcanic gases

c.heat and hydrothermal activity

d.earthquakes

e.ground deformation

Front 51

58. What kind of earthquakes are associated with magma movement in the Earth?

Back 51

shallow earthquakes

Front 52

59. What gases are typically emitted during volcanic eruptions?

Back 52

a.water vapor

b.carbon dioxide

c.hydrogen sulfide

d.sulfur dioxide

Front 53

60. What is the highest volcano (base to top) on Earth?

Back 53

Ojos del Salado (Chile/Argentina border)

Front 54

61. How recently was the last active lava flow in Hawaii?

Back 54

August or September of 2014

Front 55

62. What are the main hazards associated with basaltic eruptions as in Iceland or Hawaii?

Back 55

They're really fast lava flows. If you try to out-run it, you cant.

Front 56

63. What are the main hazards associated with pyroclastic eruptions like Mt. St. Helens?

Back 56

Gigantic rocks come flying out of the volcano (anything ranging from ash to boulders)

Front 57

64. What is the name for the smooth, ropey lavaflows?

Back 57

Pahoehoe flows

Front 58

65. What is the name for jagged, angular, blocky lava flows?

Back 58

A'a flows