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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Element
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a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
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Atom
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the smallest particle of an element taht has all the characteristics of that element.
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Atom is made of 3 smaller particles...
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-protons
-neutrons -electrons |
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protons
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have a mass, a postivie electrical charge and are found in the nucleus
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neutrons
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have a mass, a neutral electrical charge and are found in nucleus.
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electrons
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have very little mass, a negative elctrical charge and are found in energy levels outside the nucleus
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engergy levels-#'s
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-2e
-8e -18e |
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valence electrons
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in the outer-most energy level, also called bonding electrons
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an atom becomes a negatively charged ion when?
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the atom gains electrons
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an atom becomes a postively charged ion when?
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the atom lose electrons
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Atomic Number
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combined mass of the protons and electrons
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Atomic Mass/Mass number
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the number of protons/electrons in the atom
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Covalent Bonding
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happens when the valence electrons are shared between 2 atoms. the electrons are shared so that the outer-most energy level is full (Nobles gasses).
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Ionic Bonding
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happens when valence electrons are transferred (given and taken) between 2 atoms. the attraction from the opposite charged atoms is what bonds them together.
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Compound
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a substance that is composed of atoms of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined.
-ex:water-H20 |
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Mixture
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a combination of 2 or more elements that retain their identities.
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Heterogeneous:
Homogeneous: |
-easily recognizable--ex: soil
-particles cannot be distinguished--ex:coffee |
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ion
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atom that gains or loses electrons and now has a charge.
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acid
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a solution containing a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+)
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base
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is a solution containing a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-)
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Solids
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densely packed particles arranged ni a definite pattern, or crystal structure
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Liquids
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do not have their own shape
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what happens when heat is added to a solid?
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the atoms start to vibrate-at the melting oiutn, the particles slide psat each other creating a liquid.
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evaporation
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happen when the particles vibrate vigorously and particles gain sufficient energy to escape the liquid
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sublimation
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is the slow change of state from a solid to a gas w/ out hitting the liquid state
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Mineral characteristics
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-naturally occuring
-inorganic -solid -specific chemical composition -definite crystalline structure |
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crystal
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a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns
-(cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic) |
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When magma cools fast=what size crystal?
when magma cools slow=what size crystal? |
small
large |
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When saturated water cannot dissolve any more solid minerals....
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start to precipitate and drop out of the solution
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when the liquid evaporates...
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the elements left behind may arrange into crystals
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Mineral groups
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-Silicates-silicon/oxygen
-Carbonates-Carbon -Oxides-oxygen/metal |
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Mineral identification
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-color
-texture -streak -hardness--Mohs hardness scale -cleavage and fracture -density and specific gravity |
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Special properties
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-magnetism
-odor -double refraction -HCL -taste |
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ore
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a mineral is an ore if it contains a useful substance that can be mined for a profit.
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Mineral Uses
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-Ores
-Mines |
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Gems
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valuable minerals-rare/beauty
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igneous rocks form when?
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as magma cools and crystallizes
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intrusive rocks
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rocks formed inside Earth-have a larger grain size-coarser
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extrusive
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rocks formed from lava (magma above ground)-fine grained
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Factors that effect maga formation
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-temperature
-pressure -water content -mineral content |
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Extrusive rocks (examples)
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Rhyolite-lots of silica 70%-Felsic
Andesite-medium silica 60%-Intermediates Basalt-little silica 50%-Mafic |
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Intrusive Rocks (examples)
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Granite lots of silica 70%-Felsic
Diotire medium silica 60%-Intermediates Gabbro little silica 50%-Mafic |
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Type of Sed. Rock//Examples//How formed
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Clastic conglomerate lithi.
-coarse, med. sandstone of fine grain shale calcite Sediments Organic -shells/plant limestone accum. matter coal lithi. of living things Chemical -Calcite limestone percip. Halite rock salt of diss. Gypsum rock gypsum minerals from water |
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Steps to Form Sedi. Rocks
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-Erosion and Weathering
-Transportation -Desposition (dropped) -Burial -^ pressure, ^ temperature -compaction----> pressure -cementation---->temperature |
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Lithification
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physical and chemical processes that transform sediments into sedimentary rocks
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Graded Bedding
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when particle size becomes progressively heavier and coarser towards the bottom layers.
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Cross bedding
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inclines layers of sediments move forwards across a horizontal surface
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Energy sources from Sedimentary rocks
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oil, natural gas, and coal
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calcite reacts with?
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acid
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what are 3 main types of metamorphic rocks?-describe them
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-contact-small area
-regional-large area -hydrothermal-hot water |
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which metamorphic rock does the heat have to come to form?
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contact
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what type of metamorphic rock alters the chemistry and minerology of a rock, and what does it do to the minerals?
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-hydrothermal
-dissolves some minerals, breaks down some, and deposites new minerals |
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what is the difference between a clastic sedimentary rock, and a chemically formed sedimentary rock?
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-clastic rocks are formed with sediments, chemically formed by percipitation of dissolved minerals from water
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what is limestone made of?
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calcite
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what rock does granite change into?
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gneiss
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felsic?
mafic? |
-light-has a lot of silica
-darker as less silica-more dense |
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2 main economic uses for metamorphic rocks
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slate-roofing
marlbe-building |
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4 metamorphic rates of shale
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slate-phylite-schist-gneiss
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parent rock of quartzite
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sandstone
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parent of marble
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limestone
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how are metamorphic rocks identified?
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whether they are foiliated or non foiliated
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