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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Element?
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substance composed of a single type of atom
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Atom?
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the smalllest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element
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Proton charge and mass?
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charge= +1
mass~ 1 |
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Neutron charge and mass?
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charge=0
mass~1 |
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Electron charge and mass?
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charge=-1
mass~0 |
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Ion?
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electrically charged atom
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Cation?
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atom that loses e-
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Anion?
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atom that gained e-
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Atomic Number = what?
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number of protons
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Common Cations (positive charge)
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Silicon
Aluminum Iron Calcium Magnesium Potassium Sodium |
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Common Anions (negative charge)?
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oxygen
carbonate sulfate chlorine |
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Valence Electrons?
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outer electron of an atom
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Cation does what?
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gives up e- to become +
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Anion does what?
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gain e- to become -
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Ionic Bonding?
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by gaining or losing electrons atoms become ions which are attracted to each other by ionic bonds into molecules
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Definition of Mineral?
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naturally occuring
solid inorganic or formed by inorganic process specific chemical compositie specific crystal structure |
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Dana's System?
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based on the anion within a mineral
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Silicate Class
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anion= silicate
95% of rocks on Earth are made of silicate minerals Mineral species feldspar, quartz, olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, mica |
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3 PArts of X-ray Diffraction?
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1) x ray source
2) sample 3) detector |
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(symbol) x-rays = how many nms?
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0.154 nm
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What corresponds to spacing between atoms in minerals?
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"peaks"
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What does each mineral have?
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its own unique structure or spacing between atoms
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d =?
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0.154nm / 2sinO
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black = ?
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biotite mica
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pink = ?
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feldspar
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Where is Mount Mitchell located?
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North Carolina
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What is Mount Mitchell known for?
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highest peak east of mississippi
elevation 6684 ft (2km) area= 3km x 3 km |
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What did Francis Bacon do?
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pointed out that two coastlines fit together
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What did Alfred Wegener do?
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german meteorologist
proposed continents are in motion - americas fits into coastline of europe and africa most scientists DISREGARDED THIS HYPOTHESIS |
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What was found out after mapping ocean floors after WWII?
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ocean bottom was NOT flat but mountainous
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The ship Pioneer off the coast of Washington State did what?
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mapped the magnetic reverseals
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What happens to rock ages as you move away from mid atlantic ridges?
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it gets older
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What is the source of heat to drive movement of massive plates?
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gravitational energy form great bombardment and chemical differentiation
radioactive decay of elements in rocks |
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Divergent?
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form oceanic crust
mafic minerals gabbro and basalt rocks |
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Convergent?
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destroy oceanic crust
form continental crust felsic minerals granite and rhyolite rocks |
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How many active volcanoes are there in US?
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33
Mt Rainer St Helens Hawaii |
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Where is 60% of the magma erupted on Earth?
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at the mid ocean ridges
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How many volcanoes are there underwater?
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10^6 along mid oceanic ridges
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What do hot spots do?
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shield colanoes
1)convection brings magma to surface often occurs under the oceans 2) magma cools to form basalt and gabbro |
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What happened on June 8 1783 in Laki Iceland?
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earth opened along 32 km fissure and lava poured forth
lava continued to erupt through fissures for eight months lava and ash covered 15 km which is the size of 15,000 empire state buildings toxic gases from the eruption caused crop failures and livestock deaths, triggering a famine that nearly killed 10,000 people (quarter of icelands population) |
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Viscosity?
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resistance to flow
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Low Viscosity?
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flows easily
spreads out |
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high viscosity?
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resists flow
remains close to source |
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What does temperature do to viscosity?
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increasing temperature decreases viscosity
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Composition?
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silica content
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How is the explosive nature of a volcano determined?
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by silica content of magma
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Basalt how much SiO2?
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45-50%
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Andesite how much SiO2?
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60%
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Rhyolite how much SiO2?
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70-75%
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When did St Helens explode?
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1980
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When did Mauna Loa explode?
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1984
poor magma St Helens had rich magma |
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Basaltic Magma?
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spreads far from source building thin gently sloping sheets of rock one upon the other
form a broad dome hawaiin island chain |
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What is an example of a Shield Volcano?
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hawaii
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What is an example of a composite volcano?
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Vesuvis
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Felsic Magma?
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emit large amounts of pyroclastic material and thick lava flows forming thick steeply sloping sheets of rock
mount st helens |
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Why/how does a stratovolcano form?
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convergent plate boundary - ocenic crust converges with continental crust
1) oceanic crust subducts 2) oceanic crust partially melts according to geothermal gradient andBowens reaction series 2) Felsic magma rises to form volcano granite rhylote pumice obsidian |
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Relative Age?
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older/younger relationships
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Original Horizontally?
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soil or rock units begin as horizontal layers
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Superposition?
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top layers are youngest
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Cross-cutting relationships?
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roots/faults are younger than the units they cut across
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Absolute Age?
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radioactive age dating
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What is the structure of an atom?
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protons neutrons and electrons
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What do all elements have?
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the same number of protons in the nucleus but the number of neutrons in a nicleus may vary (isotopes)
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Radioactive Decay?
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the nucleus of an unstable isopope decays (protons and neutrons break apart spontaneously) and releases energy or radiation
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What are the two thigns that happen during radioactive decay?
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1) produces new element with a stable nucleus (daughter)
2) gives off energy, that is, radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) |
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Cosmic Rays consist of how much percent on Earth?
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24%
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Rocks soil (radioactive decay) consist of how much percent on Earth?
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32%
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Medical (x-rays) consist of how much percent on Earth?
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40%
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Global nuclear fallout consist of how much percent on Earth?
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2%
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Other (nuclear plants, waste) consist of how much percent on Earth?
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2%
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half life?
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the time it takes for 1/2 of parent isotope to turn into daughter
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Why is it easy to date rocks?
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minerals in lithosphere contain minor amounts of many of the elements
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