Earth Science

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KMT rule #1

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1. Matter consists of molecules. these are the smallest particles which are capable of existence and retain all the chemical properties of the parent substance.

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KMT rule #2

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2. Molecules are always in a state of random continuous motion.

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KMT rule #3

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The molecules exert forces on one another These forces depend upon intermolecular distance.

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Temperature

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the average kinetic energy of particles.

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Kinetic energy

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the energy that a substance has due to its motion

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Thermal energy

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includes both kinetic energy and potential energy from the motion of its particles and thier relative positions and forces of attraction.
(KE + PE) x # of particles

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Potential Energy

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energy which results from position or configuration. (capacity of doing work from certain position ingravitational field)

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Heat

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the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another because of differences in temperature.

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Conduction

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thermal energy transfer trhough direct contrast of particles.

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Convection

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method of thermal energy transfer reulting from the movement in particles in fluids due to density differences.

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Radiation

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process by which thermal energy is transferred via electromagnetic waves wihout particles touching

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Insulators

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a material or object that doesn't allow heat, electricity, light or sound to pass through it.

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Specific heat capacity

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the measure of the amount on energy (in joules) needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substances by 1 C.

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Latent heat

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energy needed to change a substance from one state to another without changing temperature.

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Lithosphere

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solid otuer layer of the Earth

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Atmosphere

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layer of gases enveloping the Earth

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trophosphere

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lowest layer of the atmosphere

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hydrosphere

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the water on or surrounding the surface of the globe including water in the atmosphere and water in our oceans

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Albedo

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the degree (of a surface) to which it reflects light.

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Atmospheric pressure

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the force of gravity causes the atmosphere to exert significant pressure at Earth's surface.
This is called: atmospheric pressure

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Kilopascal

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metric unit which measures pressure.

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Low-pressure cells

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contain cool, falling air with little moisture

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Isobars

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a line drawn on a weather map where barometric pressure is the same.

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Barometric pressure

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a value or standard of normal atmospheric pressure, equivalent to the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 29.92 inches

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Big area small change..

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Small area big change

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Sea breeze (DAY)

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land warms fster than water so warm air over land expands, lower pressure air rises and cooler more dense air from the water moves in. DAY :D

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Land breeze (NIGHT)

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the land cools faster than the water and less dense air over the water is replaced by cooler, denser air from over the land. This creates a land breeze.

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Note: Tornadoes are 100-600m in diameter

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Note: Tornadoes are 100-600m in diameter

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Prevailing winds

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winds that blow predominantly from a single general direction over a particular point of earth's surface.

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hadley cell

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the intense heating of the equatorial surface air (creates powerful convection currents called "Hadley Cells")

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Jet streams

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(poles&mid latitudes) large-sea convection cells produce the prevailing winds at Earth
's surface & the high-altitude (Jet Streams)

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Climate change

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a shift in long-term average weather patterns.

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Greenhouse gas effect

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keep earth's temperature within a range that can support life as we know it today.

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CO2 equivalent

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standard measurement of the amount of CO2 emissions that are reduced or secluded from our environment.

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Carbon sink

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stores more carbon than it releases

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Ozone layer

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an upper atmospheric layer containing a relatively high concentration of ozone that absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation in wavelength range not steered by other atmospheric componenets. Also known as the "Ozonosphere"

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El Nino and La nina

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A shift in ocean current, temperature and atmospheric conditions, is the natural event with the greatest effect on global climate. La nina is the opposite.

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Thermocline

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a distinct layer in a body of water, such as an ocean or a lake in which temperature changes rapidly, with depth than it does in the layer above or below.

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Lithosphere

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is a region formed by the crust nd the rigid outer layer of the mantle

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Athenosphere

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fluid-like layer of mantle beneath lithosphere

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Seismic Wave

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an earth vibration generated by an earthquake or an explosion

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tectonic plate

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lithosphere in a specific shape that moves

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continental drift theory

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continents have moved slowly since the earth has formed

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paleoglacitation

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similar ossils turn up in places which are now further apart especially freshwater and land critters.