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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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most caves are formed in
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carbonates (limestones)
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dominant mineral in limestones
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calcite, other main mineral is dolomite
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caves form from ___ ___ and _____ by groundwater
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erosion
dissolution deposition |
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in rare ocasions, cave formation is due to the action of....
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sulfuric acid
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these three things are important in cave formation as codsuits to the flow of groundwater
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joints
fractures faults |
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most carbonates are foind in ____ environments
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marine
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to determine the depositional environment we look at
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fossils
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carbonates are important for these two reasons
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60-70% of the worlds opil and natural gas reserves are found in carbonates, and much of our water supply as groundwater is found in them
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sources of groundwater
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precipitation
rivers/lakes artificial recharge storm water recharfge waste water treatment systems |
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all material above the water table
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vadose zone
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areas where all pores are filled or saturates with water
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zone of saturation
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imaginary lines which occurs at the top of the zone of saturation
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water table
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thin zone above water table where water is drawn up by capillary action and surface tension
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capillary fringe
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zone or layer from which groundwater can be extractes at a useful rate
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aquifer
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% of empty space in rock or soil
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porosity
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ability of a material to transmit fluids
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permeability
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ability of a material to allow water to move through it
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hydraulic conductivity
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funnel-shaped zone of water-level decline around a well that occurs due to pumping
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cone of depression
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the decline in water level in feet at a well relative to initial water level
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drawdown
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the slope of the water table
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hydraulic gradient
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4 dif. speleothems
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stalagmites
stalactites flowstone column |
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landscapes formed in areas of limestone bedrock. includes features such as sinkholes, sinking stream, springs, terra rosa (paleosols), and caves. Commonly have very irregular bedrock surfaces
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karst topography
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mammoth cave was mined for
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saltpeter (nitrates) for gunpoder
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largest known cave in the world
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mammoth cave
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mammoth caves formed in the
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mississippian limestones
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where is the mammoth cave
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illinois basin
physiographic province |
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major river in the area of the mammoth cave
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green river
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carlsbad was mined for what to use as what
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bat guano
fertilizer |
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carlsbad contains the largest what in the US and what is it called
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underground room
the big room |
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where is the carlsbad cavern
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delaware basin in new mexico
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known for the knightly bat flight
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carlsbad
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pristine example of what carlsbad used to look like
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lechuguilla
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carlsbad formed in _____ rocks of the _____limestone, _____ formation, and _______formation
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permian
capitan yates tansill |
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this limestone is an ancient barrier reef
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capitan
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capitan limestone formed on the _______ escarpment around the _____ basin during the _______ period
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guadalupe
delaware permian |
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the reef that was formed resulted in lots of what
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gypsum
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formed due to sulfuric acid dissolution of limestone
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carlsbad cavern
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carlsbad cavern formed at or near the what
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water table
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carlsbad cavern oldest rocks - deposition of limestone in ______ _____ during the _____ period
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delaware basin
permian |
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the first stage of the karst formation in carlsbad cavern
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late permian perios
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orogeny that occured during creation of carlsbad
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laramide
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laramide orogeny occurred when
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late cretaceous early paleogene
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when the major deposition of speleothems
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draining of the cave in pleistocene epoch
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kinds of bats in carlsbad
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mexican free tailed bats
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carlsbad bats are threatened by what
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white-bosed disease
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