Earth's Waters

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Earth's water budget

Back 1

The total amount of water in the planet, generally remains constant through time.

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Ocean

Back 2

Is a vast body of saline water

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Salinity

Back 3

The saltiness of seawater

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The salinity of seawater

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Is maintained within a narrow range by the processes in the hydrologic cycle

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Evaporation

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Removes water, making the remaining solution saltier

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Precipitation

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Adds water, causing dilution

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Inflow from river and groundwater

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Also makes the sea less salty

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The surface layer

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consists of relatively warm, low-density water, extends from the ocean surface to a depth of 100 m.

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Thermocline

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The second layer, where the temperature of water decreases rapidly with depth.

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The deep zone

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Below the thermocline, where the temperature is uniformly low. 80% of the water in the ocean is in the deep zone.

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The surface of the ocean

Back 11

Is affected by currents caused by prevailing winds.

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Ocean

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One of the most valuable resources on the planet

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Surface water reservoir and groundwater reservoir

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Readily available freshwater sources

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Glacier

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Is a permanent body of ice, which consists largely of recrystallized snow.

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Ice sheet

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Is a mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50,000 km²

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Residence time

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Is the average length of time spent by water molecule in a reservoir.

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Permafrost

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A soil, rock, or sediment that is frozen for more than two consecutive years.

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Surface waters

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Include the streams, lakes, and wetlands where water from rainfall, melting snow and ice, and groundwater flows.

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Stream

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Is a moving body of surface water that flows downslope toward sea level because of gravity.

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River

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Is a stream with a considerable volume and a well-defined channel.

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Channels

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It has clearly defined passageway, where particles and dissolved substances are transported.

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Tributaries

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The smaller streams are also called

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Drainage basin or watershed

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The land area in which the water flow into a particular stream

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Drainage divide

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The line that separates individual drainage basin

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Interfluve

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The narrow, elongated landform separating individual streams within a basin

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Overland Flow

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During heavy rain, water moves downhill in a process called

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Streamflow

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After a short distance, the water enters the channels and becomes ______

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Components of a Stream Network

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Front 29

Lakes

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A large inland bodies of fresh or saline water.

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Ponds

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Are small and shallow lakes

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Dams

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Are barriers constructed along streams to contain the flow of water

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Geological processes

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Forms natural lakes

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Wetlands

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Land areas where water covers the surface for significant periods is referred to as

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Wetlands

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Biologically diverse environments filled with species that rely on both the land and water for survival

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Marsh, Swamp, Estuary

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Types of wetlands

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Marsh

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Is a shallow wetland around lakes, streams, and oceans where grasses and reeds are the dominant vegetation

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Swamp

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Is a wet land with lush trees and vegetation found in low-lying areas beside slow-moving rivers

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Estuary

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Is a partly enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from stream meets the saltwater from the sea

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Flood

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Is a natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerged underwater.

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Fluvial or riverine flood

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Occurs when a stream's discharge is greater than the capacity of the channel, causing the stream to overflow.

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Flashfloods

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Are characterized by intense, high-velocity torrent of water that occurs in an existing river channel with little to no notice

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Coastal Flooding

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Occurs when water overwhelms in low-lying areas along the coasts usually due to severe weather conditions.

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Pluvial or surface water flood

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Occurs when heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of an overflowing stream.

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Groundwater

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Is freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface

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Porosity

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Is the total amount of empty pore spaces in the rock

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Permeability

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Is the ability of the rock or sediments to allow water to pass through it

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Zone of aeration or Unsaturated Zone

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A zone in which the spaces between the particles are filled mainly with air

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Zone of saturation

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The layer beneath the zone of aeration

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Water table

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The boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation

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Capillary fringe

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Directly above the water table is a layer called

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Unconfined aquifer

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An aquifer in which the groundwater is free to rise to its natural level

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Aquiclude

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In a confined aquifer, the water is trapped and held down by pressure between impermeable rocks called

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Artesian well

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Water could rise in this well without pumping if the well is located at the elevation, which is below the recharge zone of the confined aquifer

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Recharge zone

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The land area where water enters the ground and replenish the groundwater

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Discharge zone

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Is the area where the groundwater flows out of the aquifer and onto land surface or even and submarine environment

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Spring

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When groundwater emerges to the ground surface, it creates a ______

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Groundwater flow in the different types of aquifer

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Front 58

Losing or influent stream

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There are streams that lose water downstream and dry up. In this type of stream, the water flows under ground and contributes to the groundwater

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Gaining or effluent stream

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There are also streams that are fed by groundwater. This stream is referred to as ________

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1. Population growth, particularly in water-short regions

2. Movement of large number of people from the countryside to towns and cities

3. Demands for greater food security and higher living standards.

4. Increased competition between different uses of water resources

5. Pollution from factories, cities and farmlands

Back 60

The human activities affecting water resources include: (5 items)

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Degradation of ecosystems

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One of the serious threats, which occur due to changes in landscapes— deforestation, conversion of natural landscapes into farm or residential areas, urban growth, road-building and surface+mining

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Sedimentation

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These activities have led to too much soil and sediments delivered to streams in a process of ________

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Mine Drainage

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Mining of certain metals have also caused surface water to become acidic, producing a discharge called

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Air, Land, and Water

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Water produced by human activities pollute the ______, _______, and _______

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Industrial wastes, sewage, runoff from farmland, cities, and factory effluents, and the buildup of sediment

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The sources of freshwater pollution

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Subsidence

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The consequences of excessive ground water withdrawal include reduced spring yields, diminished overflow, poorer water quality, damage to natural habitats, and the gradual sinking of land known as _______

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Planning, developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources

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The ever-increasing pressure in the water sources calls for an effective water resources management. It involves __________

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Rainwater harvesting

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for direct consumption and for replenishment of groundwater.

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surface water

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is also diverted into basins in recharge zones to increase infiltration, reduce evaporation, and improve water quality.

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Dams and reservoirs

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are built to provide additional water storage

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interbasin transfer of water

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also augments the water supply in heavily stressed systems

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Presidential Decree (PD) No. 424 of 1947

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Created the National Water Resources Council (NWRC) to coordinate and integrate water resources development

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PD No. 1067 (1976)

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Instituted the Water Code which consolidated the laws governing the ownership, appropriation, and utilization, exploitation, development, conservation, and protection of the water resources subject to regulation by the NWRC.

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Executive Order (EO) No. 222 of 1995

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Established the Presidential Committee on Water Conservation and Demand Management which was tasked to prepare a nationwide Water Conservation Plan

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Republic Act (RA) No. 8041 or the National Water Crisis Act of 1995

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Addressed the country's water problems through an integrated water management program and development of new water resources and conservation of identified watersheds, among other provisions

Front 76

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

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Also provided a comprehensive water quality management