Earth Materials

Front 1

The three minerals that are polymorphs of Al2SiO5 are:

Back 1

Kyanite, Sillimanite, and Andalusite

Front 2

Name two polymorphs of CaCo3:

Back 2

Calcite and Aragonite

Front 3

The ability of a specific chemical substance to crystallize with more than one type of structure is termed:

Back 3

Polymorphism

Front 4

What term describes carbon crystallizing as the two different mineral graphite and diamond?

Back 4

Polymorphism

Front 5

What term describes two minerals with equivalent crystal structures but different chemical compositions?

Back 5

Isostructualism

Front 6

Meteorite impact structures might contain one of these high-pressure silica polymorphs:

Back 6

Coesite or Stishovite

Front 7

Of what common mineral is coesite a polymorph?

Back 7

Quartz

Front 8

Of what common mineral is tridymite a polymorth?

Back 8

Quartz

Front 9

The symmetric intergrowth of two or more crystals of the same substance is termed:

Back 9

Twinning

Front 10

The type of multiple twinning characteristic of plagioclase, for example, is termed:

Back 10

Polysynthetic

Front 11

An aggregate of identical crystals of a single mineral with parallel crystallographic axes is termed a:

Back 11

Parallel growth (aggregate)

Front 12

The non-random overgrowth of two different minerals is termed:

Back 12

Epitaxis or epitaxial

Front 13

A set of crystal faces or planes related by crystal symmetry is termed:

Back 13

Form

Front 14

The general shape of a crystal is termed:

Back 14

Habit

Front 15

The general term for a crystal form that does not enclose space is:

Back 15

Open

Front 16

The general term for a crystal form that encloses space is:

Back 16

Closed

Front 17

A six-sided form in the isometric system is a:

Back 17

Cube

Front 18

A four-sided form in the isometric system is a:

Back 18

Tetrahedron

Front 19

An eight-sided form in the isometric system is:

Back 19

An octahedron

Front 20

A twelve-sided form in the isometric system is a:

Back 20

Dodecahedron

Front 21

A three-sided form in the hexagonal system with a zone axis [0001] is a:

Back 21

Triagonal prism

Front 22

The form with only one side is called a:

Back 22

Pedion (or monohedron)

Front 23

The form with only two parallel sides is a:

Back 23

Pinacooid (or parallelohedron)

Front 24

A form with only two intersecting sides is termed a:

Back 24

Dome (or sphenoid or dihedron)

Front 25

A form with four equal sides having a 4-fold rotation axis as the zone axis is a:

Back 25

Tetragonal prism

Front 26

The 8-sided form {111} in the tetragonal system is a:

Back 26

Tetragonal dipyramid

Front 27

The axes in the ______ crystal system are all of equal length:

Back 27

Isometric (or cubic)

Front 28

The axes in the ______ crystal system meet at right angles and are of three unequal lengths:

Back 28

Orthorhombic

Front 29

The axes in the ______ crystal system are on unequal length, and one interaxial angle is not 90 degrees

Back 29

Monoclinic

Front 30

This crystal system has four axes, three of which meet at 120 degrees:

Back 30

Hexagonal

Front 31

This crystal system has two axes of equal length and a third that is a different length:

Back 31

Tetragonal

Front 32

Non of the interaxial angles in this crystal system are 90 degrees:

Back 32

Triclinic

Front 33

The number of possible combinations of symmetry operations rotation, reflection and inversion is:

Back 33

32

Front 34

The 32 possible combinations of symmetry operations rotation, reflection and inversion are termed:

Back 34

Crystal classes (or point groups)

Front 35

The basic building block of minerals is termed:

Back 35

Unit cell

Front 36

The first person to document that all examples of the same mineral have the same interfacial angles for equivalent faces was:

Back 36

Steno

Front 37

A mineral with well-developed crystal faces is termed:

Back 37

Euhedral

Front 38

A mineral grain with poor to absent development of crystal faces is termed:

Back 38

Anhedral

Front 39

A mineral lacking crystal structure is termed:

Back 39

Amorphous

Front 40

A mineral that has had its internal atomic structure destroyed or damaged by radiation is termed:

Back 40

Metamict

Front 41

The Miller index of a face that cuts the a-axis at twice the distance as it cuts the b-axis, and does not cut the c-axis is:

Back 41

(120)

Front 42

State Bragg's Law

Back 42

n theta = 2d sin theta

Front 43

Who discovered X-rays?

Back 43

Wilhelm Roentgen

Front 44

Who first suggested investigating minerals with X-rays?

Back 44

Max von Laue

Front 45

The Miller index of a face that cuts only the b-axis and not a or c is:

Back 45

(010)

Front 46

The form {100} in the tetragonal system is a:

Back 46

Tetragonal prism

Front 47

Within one Angstrom, what is the wavelength of the Mo K X-radiation?

Back 47

0.717 Angstroms (the point being that mineral "d" spacings are on the order of Angstroms)

Front 48

In what year was the first mineral structure determined using X-rays?

Back 48

1914

Front 49

What mineral was the first to have its crystal structure determined using X-rays?

Back 49

Halite

Front 50

What property of electro-magnetic radiation is refered to by the greek letter lambda?

Back 50

Wavelength

Front 51

What does "d" refer to in Bragg's law?

Back 51

Distance between parallel atomic planes

Front 52

What type of polymorphism is illustrated by K-feldspars (e.g., sanidine-microcline)?

Back 52

Order-disorder

Front 53

What type of polymorphism is illustrated by the transition from high to low quartz?

Back 53

Displacive

Front 54

What type of polymorphism is illustrated by quartz-coesite transition?

Back 54

Reconstructive

Front 55

What type of polymorphism is illustrated by the transition of diamond to graphite?

Back 55

Reconstructive

Front 56

What term describes the replacement of one mineral by another?

Back 56

Pseudomorphism

Front 57

What is the highest-temperature polymorph of K-feldspars?

Back 57

Sanidine

Front 58

What is the lowest-temperature polymorph of K-feldspars?

Back 58

Microcline

Front 59

What is the high-pressure polymorph of calcite?

Back 59

Aragonite

Front 60

The trigonal crystal system is a subdivision of what other system?

Back 60

Hexagonal

Front 61

Which silica polymorph is isostructural with rutile?

Back 61

Stishovite

Front 62

In which crystal system does sphalerite crystallize?

Back 62

Isometric

Front 63

In which crystal system does pyrite crystallize?

Back 63

Isometric

Front 64

Which mineral is the orthorhombic polymorph of pyrite?

Back 64

Marcasite

Front 65

What type of bonding is dominant among the oxides and hydroxides?

Back 65

Ionic

Front 66

The tendency of a mineral to break in definite, crystallographicall controlled directions is termed:

Back 66

Cleavage

Front 67

The colour of a powdered mineral is termed:

Back 67

Streak

Front 68

Most sulfides and oxides have this type of luster:

Back 68

Metallic

Front 69

The way in which glass breaks is referred to as:

Back 69

Conchoidal fracture

Front 70

The colour of the streak of sphalerite is:

Back 70

Red/Brown

Front 71

The type of cleavage displayed by fluorite is:

Back 71

Octahedral

Front 72

The resistance of a mineral to bending, breaking, crushing etc, is termed:

Back 72

Tenacity

Front 73

On Mohs scale, what is the hardness of fluorite?

Back 73

4

Front 74

On Mohs scale, what is the hardness of gypsum?

Back 74

2

Front 75

Number 9 on Mohs scale is the hardness of what mineral?

Back 75

Corundum

Front 76

Number 1 on Mohs hardness scale is:

Back 76

Talc

Front 77

The units used to describe the specific gravity of a mineral are:

Back 77

None: it is unit-less

Front 78

The type of breakage exhibited by quartz is:

Back 78

Conchoidal fracture

Front 79

The luster of quartz is termed:

Back 79

Vitreous

Front 80

What colour is a well-formed hematite crystal?

Back 80

Black

Front 81

What term describes K-feldspars with exosolution lamellae of Na-rich plagioclase?

Back 81

Perthite

Front 82

What is the cleavage of calcite?

Back 82

Perfect rhombohedral

Front 83

What is the streak colour of hematite?

Back 83

Red

Front 84

What is the hardness of calcite?

Back 84

3

Front 85

What is the hardness of graphite?

Back 85

1

Front 86

What is the luster of garnet?

Back 86

Vitreous

Front 87

What element causes some sphalerite to be nearly black?

Back 87

Iron (Fe)

Front 88

How can biotite mica be distinguished from muscovite mica?

Back 88

Colour: Biotite is dark brown to black, muscovite is tan to colourless.

Front 89

What name is given to purple varieties of quartz?

Back 89

Amethyst

Front 90

What name is given to finely banded microcrystalline quartz?

Back 90

Chalcedony or agate

Front 91

What term describes the properties of mic that allows it in thin plates to be bent but then springs back into shape>

Back 91

Elasticity (or elastic)

Front 92

What term describes the ability of some minerals to be hammered into thin sheets?

Back 92

Malleable

Front 93

What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite?

Back 93

Effervescence. The calcite fizzes as it dissolves, releasing carbon dioxide.

Front 94

Describe the cleavage of galena.

Back 94

Perfect cubic

Front 95

What is the habit of euhedral fluorite crystals?

Back 95

Cubes

Front 96

On Mohs scale, what is the hardness of quartz?

Back 96

7

Front 97

What is the colour of phlogopite mica (the Mg-rich version of biotite)?

Back 97

Tan/golden/light brown

Front 98

What other native metals are in the "Gold Group"?

Back 98

Silver and Copper

Front 99

In what system does gold crystallize?

Back 99

Isometric

Front 100

What terms refers to sedimentary deposits of chemically and physically resistant minerals?

Back 100

Placers

Front 101

True or False: Native silver forms by hydrothermal alterations of what common igneous rock?

Back 101

Basalt

Front 102

Why is native iron uncommon in terrestrial rocks?

Back 102

It readily oxidizes to Fe(2+) and Fe(3+)

Front 103

Name one of two minerals that are commonly intergrown in iron meteorites:

Back 103

Taenite and Kamacite

Front 104

What is the most common element found as an impurity in the structure of native sulfur?

Back 104

Selenium

Front 105

What is the most common origin of graphite in metamorphic rocks?

Back 105

Organic (biogenic) carbon that has lost its volatiles through metamorphism

Front 106

At what depth beneath continental shields does the diamond to graphite transition occur?

Back 106

130 to 140 km

Front 107

What igneous rock is most commonly mined for diamonds?

Back 107

Kimberlite

Front 108

True or False: Many diamonds are mined from placer deposits.

Back 108

True

Front 109

Of what metal is argentite an important ore?

Back 109

Silver

Front 110

Of what metal is chalcocite an important ore?

Back 110

Copper

Front 111

What sulfide mineral is referred to as "peacock ore"?

Back 111

Bornite

Front 112

What mineral is the dominant ore of lead?

Back 112

Galena

Front 113

Which lead sulfide mineral is most commonly mined for its silver content?

Back 113

Galena

Front 114

True or False: The shiny grey colour of galena is due to its silver content.

Back 114

False

Front 115

What mineral is the dominant ore of zinc?

Back 115

Sphalerite

Front 116

Of what metal is chalcopyrite an important ore?

Back 116

Copper

Front 117

Which mineral is the most important Ni ore?

Back 117

Pentlandite

Front 118

Which mineral is the dominant ore of Hg?

Back 118

Cinnabar

Front 119

What is the most common molybdenum-bearing mineral?

Back 119

Molybdenite

Front 120

What element causes the red colour of ruby?

Back 120

Cr

Front 121

Of what ordinary mineral is ruby a colour varient?

Back 121

Corundum

Front 122

What is the name given to gem quality yellow corundum?

Back 122

Sapphire

Front 123

True or False: Corundum occurs in plutonic igneous rocks like granite?

Back 123

False. It cannot coexist with quartz.

Front 124

Trace quantities of what mineral cause the reddish colour of some sandstones?

Back 124

Hematite

Front 125

What is the hardness of hematite>

Back 125

Approximately 6

Front 126

Name a geologic setting in which ilmenite is mined.

Back 126

Beach sands (placers) and anorthosites

Front 127

Of what metal is ilmenite an ore?

Back 127

Titanium

Front 128

Of what metal is rutile an ore?

Back 128

Titanium