Earth And Physical Science

Front 1

Light-years

Back 1

distance that light will travel within 1 year

Hint 1

The Sun

Front 2

Electromagnetic waves

Back 2

waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields; waves are members of a spectrum, a continuum of wavelengths ranging from very short to very long that are divided into bands of wavelengths, ordered from short to long in the order of gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio waves; visible part of the spectrum can be further subdivided by color bands from short to long in the order of violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red

Hint 2

The Sun

Front 3

Work

Back 3

result of any change in energy

Hint 3

Energies

Front 4

Joules (J)

Back 4

a common metric unit of energy (1 calorie = 4.2 Joules)

Hint 4

Energies

Front 5

calories

Back 5

see Joules

Hint 5

Energies

Front 6

Kinetic Energy (KE)

Back 6

the energy of motion

Hint 6

Energies

Front 7

Potential Energy (PE)

Back 7

stored energy

Hint 7

Energies

Front 8

Law of Conservation of Energy

Back 8

if a system is closed, the total amount of energy in the system does not change; however, energy can be changed from one form to another

Hint 8

Energies

Front 9

Order the following forms of electromagnetic radiation from short to long wavelengths: infrared, x-ray, radio, and ultraviolet

Back 9

X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, radio

By knowing the order of wavelengths from long wavelength to short wavelength (radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma) the reverse order can be determined.

Hint 9

The Sun

Front 10

Order the 7 visible forms of electromagnetic radiation from short to long wavelengths

Back 10

Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red

ROY G BIV (long to short)

Hint 10

The Sun

Front 11

Suppose a 5-kilogram object is held at a height of 6 m. What is the object's potential energy at this height? Assume g = 10 m/s squared.

Back 11

300 Joules

Since potential energy is calculated by the expression PE = Mgh, it can be determined from the given information that PE = (5kg)(10 meters/second squared)(6 meters) = 300 Joules. The appropriate units are Joules, which match kilograms and meters

Hint 11

Energies

Front 12

Matter

Back 12

anything that takes up space and has mass

Front 13

Mass

Back 13

the quantity of matter an object has

Front 14

Elements

Back 14

substances that cannot be broken into simpler types of matter

Front 15

Protons

Back 15

positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

Front 16

Atomic number

Back 16

number of protons in the nucleus of the chemical element; the number of protons that defines a specific atom

Front 17

Neutrons

Back 17

neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

Front 18

Electrons

Back 18

negatively charged subatomic particles found in various orbits around the nucleus

Front 19

Chemical reaction

Back 19

dynamic event that alters the chemical makeup of a molecule; a process that chemically transforms a set of substances into another set

Front 20

ion

Back 20

positively or negatively charged atom

Front 21

mass number

Back 21

total number of protons and neutrons found within the nucleus of an atom matter anything that takes up space and has mass

Front 22

atomic mass

Back 22

number of protons and neutrons with in the nucleus of an atom; the average mass of all of the known isotopes of an element

Front 23

How do you find the atomic number of an element?

Back 23

it is the number above the chemical symbol

Front 24

How do you find the atomic mass number?

Back 24

it is the number at the bottom under the chemical symbol

Front 25

How do you find the number of protons?

Back 25

it is the same number as the atomic number, above the chemical symbol

Front 26

How do you find the number of neutrons?

Back 26

Take the atomic mass and subtract the atomic number, so the bottom number minse the top number

Front 27

charge

Back 27

refers to the positive or negative distribution within it

Front 28

isotopes

Back 28

atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons

Front 29

catalysts

Back 29

control the rate of chemical reactions, or reactions in which atoms react to come to a stable state.

Front 30

activation energy

Back 30

energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur

Front 31

substrate

Back 31

molecule acted upon by an enzyme

Front 32

orbital shells

Back 32

arrangement of electrons within a specific region around the nucleus

Front 33

valence electrons

Back 33

electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

Front 34

chemical bonding

Back 34

chemical attraction of atoms due to their electron arrangement

Front 35

metals

Back 35

elements that readily donate electrons and are good conductors of electricity; donate highly conductive electrons to their environment

Front 36

Within a given family on the periodic table, atomic radii ______ while electronegativity ______.

Back 36

increase; decreases

The number of filled shells increases from top to bottom within a family, so the size of the atoms increase. Also, the grater atomic radius decrease the electronegativity , because the attraction for an electron due to the nucleus is lessened.

Front 37

Which groups on the periodic table contain the most metalloids?

Back 37

14, 15, 16

Front 38

Globular proteins

Back 38

protein that is roughly spherical in shape

Front 39

pH

Back 39

measure of hydrogen ion concentratio within a solution; the scale used to measure the strength of acidic solutions;

pH= -log (hydrogen ion concentration)

Front 40

metabolic pathways

Back 40

chemical reactions within a cell

Front 41

acidic solutions

Back 41

solutions that have a pH scale value less than 7

Front 42

basic solutions

Back 42

solutions that have a pH scale value grater than 7

Front 43

pH indicator

Back 43

chemical detector of hydrogen ions to visually determine acidity (color change)

Front 44

ionic

Back 44

electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges

Front 45

covalent

Back 45

sharing of electrons between atoms

Front 46

hydrocarbons

Back 46

compound whose structure is entirely composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms

Front 47

alkanes

Back 47

hydrocarbon with on double bond

Front 48

saturated hydrocarbon

Back 48

chemical structure composed entirely of single bond

Front 49

unsaturated hydrocarbons

Back 49

a chemical molecule containing at least one double or triple bond

Front 50

organic chemistry

Back 50

study of the structure and properties of carbon compounds

Front 51

metalloids

Back 51

elements that may accept or donate electrons readily; possess a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties

Front 52

anion

Back 52

atom or molecule with a negative charge

Front 53

cation

Back 53

atom or molecule with a positive charge

Front 54

electronegativities

Back 54

ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself

Front 55

Lewis structures

Back 55

symbolic representation of covalent bonding between atoms

Front 56

reactants

Back 56

substances consumed or altered in a chemical reaction

Front 57

products

Back 57

substance formed as the results of chemical reactions

Front 58

oxidation

Back 58

electron donation by a chemical group that leaves that group with one less electron and a more positive charge

Front 59

reduction

Back 59

electron acceptance by a chemical that produces a more negative charge on the group

Front 60

metabolism

Back 60

chemical reactions in living organisms used to maintain life