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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Waves are considered deep water waves when...
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the orbital motion of the wave does not interact significantly with the bottom.
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Wave interference happens when...
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two waves interact with one another, resulting in a complex shape, which is the sum of the two waves.
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Prokaryotes
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do not contain a nucleus.
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Eukaryotes
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do contain a nucleus.
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Three Domains:
Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya Which are eukaryotes and which prokaryotes? |
Eukaryote:
Eucarya Prokaryote: Bacteria, Archaea |
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Kingdoms in Eucarya domain?
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Kingdom:
Protista Plantae Animalia Mycota |
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Kingdom Protista, how are they?
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Single celled organisms. Diatoms, radiolarians, coccoliths, and forams belong here.
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Kingdom Plantae, how are they?
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Multi celled plants.
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Kingdom Animalia, how are they?
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Multi celled animals.
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Kingdom Mycota, how are they?
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Multi celled life forms that live by absorption of food, including fungi, mold, and lichens.
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Chemical formula for PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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CO.2 + H.2O -> sugar + O.2
energy transfers from light to chemical bonds in sugars |
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Chemical formula for RESPIRATION
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sugar + O.2 -> CO.2 + H.2O
Reverse as photosynthesis. As respiration occurs, the chemical energy is used and transferred to other organisms and eventually turns to heat. ALL LIFE RESPIRES (EVEN PLANTS YALL). |
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What is ecological efficiency?
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The efficiency with which energy transfers from one trophic level to another one.
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Can animals use inorganic nutrients?
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NO. but plants can.
animals must eat organic nutrients. |
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Do plants in the ocean need light to survive?
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Mais comme like duh.
So the plants have to stay near the surface because light has limited penetration into water. |
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Importance of upwelling with nutrients
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Upwelling brings nutrients to the surface that the plants can use
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Importance of downwelling with nutrients
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Downwelling brings nutrients to the bottom of the ocean so the bacteria there can use
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Photic Zone
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zone in the ocean where the light can penetrate to
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Aphotic Zone
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zone in the ocean where the light is unable to penetrate, thus is dark and scawwy
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Zooplankton
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Foraminifera
Radiolarians Copopodes Krills |
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Phytoplankton
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Diatoms
Coccolithophores Dinoflagellates Cyanobacteria |
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Sources of the ocean's salts?
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Rivers
Excess Volatiles Recycled Salts |
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River salts
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The concept of chemical weathering, they produce dissolved constituents which become one of the sources for marine salts.
Draws CO.2 and affects the concentration of CO.2 in the atmosphere. |
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Excess volatiles salts
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Important source of CI CO.2
This makes the ocean different from salt laked on land that do not obtain these from volcanisms. |
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Removing of ocean salts?
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Evaporation
Biological removal of mineral matter Organic carbon burial Removal by hydrothermal vents Removal by bacteria |
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Biological removal of mineral matter containing salts?
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example of organisms that remove carbonates and silica
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Organic carbon burial salt removal
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Biological productivity and availability of oxygen control the rate of organic matter burial.
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Salt removal by hydrothermal vents
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important for Mg.
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Salt removal by bacteria
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they convert surfates to sulfides.
sulfides are much less soluble than sulfate and so they precipitate into the sediments of seafloor. |
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Sulfates and sulfides
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On land, sulfides are oxidized by oxygen in air and turn back to sulfate, which is then carried back into the ocean by rivers.
Bacteria in the ocean then turns sulfate to sulfides. |
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Residence Time
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The time is takes for the complete recycling of some matter. The residence of time of water from shallow to deep is 3 meters per year.
Depends on the volume of the matter and the flux of it. |
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Mixing time of the ocean, how is it done?
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This is done by C-14 dating.
This is different from other dating because it continuously produced in the upper atmosphere and the problems is that the daughter N-14 is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. The solution to the problem is to measure C-14 to C-12 ratios. |
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Carbon sources and carbon sinks, 3 of them?
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Photosynthesis and respiration
Ocean-atmosphere exchange Chemical weathering and volcanisms |
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Flux of PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
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large flux
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Flux of ocean atmosphere exchange
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large flux. it is linked to physical and biological processes.
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Flux of chemical weathering and volcanism
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small fluxes but important for geological history
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Geological time scale important things to keep in mind!!!
What are they? |
Principle of horizontality and superposition
Principle of cross-cutting relationships Angular Unconformity Principle of faunal succession |
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What is the principle of horizontality and superposition?
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Horizontality - the sediments are deposited through the act of gravity.
Superposition - the sediments are deposited in a way that the oldest are at the bottom and the youngest at the top. |
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What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships?
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The rock that does the cutting is always the younger rock. It is usually igneous.
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What is the principle of angular unconformity?
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When rocks that are tilted become eroded and a new sediment goes on top of them and covers them.
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What is the principle of faunal succession?
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Sedimentary rocks contains fossils and fauna and that they are assembled in a predictable manner based on time.
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How do sediments travel in the water?
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They travel in decreasing size.
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In rivers and oceans, what does the flow velocity have to do with particle sizes?
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The greater the velocity the greater grain-size particles it can carry.
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How do grains settling velocity work with size?
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The bigger the size, the faster they settle.
Small clay sediments can stay suspended up to 50 years and go to the middle of the ocean basins. |
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What is transgression?
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A marine transgression is a geologic event during which sea level rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground, resulting in flooding.
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What is regression?
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Marine regression is a geological process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level.
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Types of weathering
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Physical and chemical
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What is physical weathering?
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It is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces without changing the chemical composition.
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What is chemical weathering?
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The chemical decomposition of rocks and their minerals through direct contact with the earth's atmosphere and water.
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Why is the reaction of chemical weathering important when it comes to CO.2 and water?
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The weak carbonic acid formed by the dissolution of CO.2 in water helps keep the atmospheric carbon balanced.
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What is erosion?
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It is the displacement of sediment, soil, rock, etc., usually by wind, water, glaciers, gravity, or organisms.
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What is transport?
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The movement of sediments, rocks, and soil particles by wind, water, glaciers, currents, etc.
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What are turbidity currents?
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Turbiditiy currents are density currents, rapidly moving flow of sediment-laden fluid moving down a slope or (in the absence of a slope) collapsing under its own weight through clear fluid. It is of greater density than the water around it so it moves that way.
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What are turbidities?
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Turbidites are sediment deposits that happen when turbidity currents erode the slopes in which they flow by.
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How do turbidity currents happen?
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Earthquakes, storms, and slumps can cause these.
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What is an ooze and what is it composed of?
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An ooze is where 30% of the sediment costs of biogenous material.
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What are common organisms in oozes?
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They are:
Coccoliths Foraminifera Diatoms Radiolara |
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What are hydrothermal vents formed out of?
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Out of oxides and sulfides.
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What are manganese nodules?
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Manganese nodules are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core.
They grow extremely slowly. 1 cm in several million years. |
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When do carbonates form?
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They form abiogenically at high temperature and low CO.2 concentration of seawater
When the earth was warmer, they were more abundant because they become over saturated in warm water. |
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What are evaporates?
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They are the evaporation of sea water.
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What are some controls of sediments in ocean basins?
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1. proximity to the source
2. dilution - when there arent a lot of oozes 3. Productivity 4. Destruction before decomposition |
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What kind of shells are more advantageous in cold water, silica or carbon shells?
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Silica shells because cold water dissolves more CO.2, has a lower pH, and is more corrosive to carbon shells.
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The surface water is saturated with what kind of shells?
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It is saturated with carbonate shells. Most of the silica is dissolved near the surface.
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What kind of places may have siliceous in the ocean bottom?
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Places where high productivity of organisms with silica shells live.
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What is the Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD)?
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It is the depth of water at which the carbonate supply rate equals its dissolution rate.
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CCD is a function of ____ and ____
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It i a function of biological productivity and concentration of dissolved CO.2
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Where is the CCD deeper: Pacific, North Atlantic, or South Atlantic?
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It is in the North Atlantic because there is a lot of biological productivity and higher concentration of dissolved CO.2
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Where is the CCD deeper: the equatorial pacific, or anywhere else in the pacific?
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The equatorial pacific because of the high biological productivity due to upwelling.
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What is a coastline?
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It is a line along the cliff that marks the higher points affected by wave action.
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What is a shore?
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It is the zone between the lowest tide level and the coastline.
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What is a coast?
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It is the area landward from the coastline.
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What is a beach?
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It is a sediment deposit of the shore area by the ocean.
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What is swash?
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Swash is the movement of sediments to make a beach by long low waves that move toward the shore.
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What is backswash?
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Backswash is the movement of sediments away from a beach by short high waves.
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What are some factors that control erosional rates of coasts?
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They are:
1. Hardness/Resistance of the rock 2. Wave action: The higher the energy of the waves 3. Tidal range: small tidal range causes higher erosion due to the small area where all the waves hit. 4. Frequency and size of storms (**wind**) 5. Vegetation: that destroys the rock due to roots 6. Longshore currents: they move the sediments (in North America from north to south). |
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Direction of transport of longshore currents?
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It is parallel to the shore
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How do human structures interfere with longshore currents?
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They block the waves from eroding at a gradual pace. The waves end up eroding more on one side that the other.
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What are depositional coasts?
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They are coasts that are low energy, beach building environments.
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Examples of depositional coasts?
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They are deltas and barrier islands.
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During the last glacial maximum, how many meters lower was the sea level than today? Also how long ago was it?
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It was 120 meters lower.
It was 18000 years ago. |
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What controls the sea level?
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They are:
1. The glaciers that melt ice into the sea. 2. Places with active tectonics. 3. Global warming (**the main cause**). |
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What are seawalls?
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Seawalls block water from hitting the area behind it.
They can cause the water to erode the are next to it even more. |
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What are groins and jetties?
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A groin is constructed across the beach, perpendicular to the shoreline, and is designed to trap sand moving in the longshore transport system.
Jetties are long structures that extend a ways out to sea, they are constructed, usually in pairs, along the sides of stream or harbor channels. Jetties are built to prevent the deposition of sediment in the channel of the stream or harbor, they interrupt wave direction along the portion of the shore where they are built. |
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What is breakwater?
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Breakwaters are structures constructed on coasts as part of coastal defense or to protect an anchorage from the effects of both weather and longshore drift.
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When does wave interference occur?
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It occurs when two waves interact with one another, resulting in a complex wave shape, which is the sum of the two waves.
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How do autotrophs synthesize organic matter?
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They utilize chemosynthesis.
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What is chemosynthesis?
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Chemosynthesis is the use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food. Chemosynthesis is at the heart of deep-sea communities, sustaining life in absolute darkness, where sunlight does not penetrate.
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What are limiting nutrients for photosynthesis?
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Iron, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
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Are radiolarians and foraminiferas animals or plants?
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They are animals.
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Are diatoms and coccoliths animals or plants?
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They are plants.
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If oozes change to clay in a section of a sediment core, what was probably the reason for it?
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The CCD decreased and became shallower.
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Why do coasts with small tidal ranges erode faster?
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Because the waves are concentrated on a narrower zone.
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How is longshore current related to the shoreline?
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The longshore current is parallel to the shore.
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Give names:
Fe Si N P |
Fe - iron
Si - silicon N - nitrogen P - phosphorus |
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Dilution
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When lithogenous particles are very high and dilute the water so oozes won't be found near the continental margins.
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What is precession?
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Precession changes the position of the earth on the orbit relative to the seasons of the earth.
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The more tilt on the precession, the __ the seasonality.
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the more
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Where are siliceous oozes found?
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They are found in high latitudes and near equatorial upwelling.
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Where are calcareous oozes found?
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They are found in the most of the ocean basin with the exception of the deepest parts (CCD).
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