Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
247 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Thomism |
Thomson was a philosophy taught and popularized by St. Thomas of Aquinas. His philosophy integrated the teachings of Aristotle into Christianity. One tenant was that the world can be known as it is. |
|
|
Fust and Schoeffer's Psalms |
Earliest signed and dated book. Printed in 1457. |
|
|
Battle of Crecy |
Battle fought in Northern France by the French against the English in 1346. This battle is noted as a historical resurgences of the influence of infantry in battle after the introduction of the longbow in English troops. |
|
|
Swiss pike phalanx |
A formation of pikemen used as a warfare technique by the swiss. This military strategy proved successful in both offensive and defensive battles. |
|
|
Battle of Pavia |
A battle fought in Northern Italy by the Spanish and French in 1525. Notable for the introduction of Spanish muskets which were superior to the French cavalry. |
|
|
A posteriori |
A term associated with 14th century scientific reasoning. Translates to Resolution: the induction of cause from observed effects. |
|
|
A priori |
Part of 14tg century scientific reasoning. Deducing effects from knowledge of the cause. |
|
|
Nicolas Copernicus |
Copernicus applied scientific reasoning to earlier greek knowledge of astronomy to produce the heliocentric model of the solar system. |
|
|
Alfonso de Albuquerque |
The Portuguese governor of India who conquered previous spice trading ports on the malabar coast and cut off the middle men in the spice trade by sending spices directly back to Portugal from Goa. |
|
|
Protosi |
An important silver lining town in Bolivia occupied by the Spanish. |
|
|
Murcury-amalgamation process |
A German designed metallurgy process introduced in 1555 that simplifies silver ore extraction. |
|
|
Antwerp Bourse |
An Exchange market in Antwerp Belgium that was the commercial center of Europe for the first half of the 16th century. |
|
|
Jacob Fugger |
The richest merchant banker in Europe in the 15th century. He and his family made money through loans (banking) and mining ventures. |
|
|
Lucrum cessans |
Damages awarded for loss of property. |
|
|
Bourgeois mentality |
The attribution of positive values to productive work. |
|
|
Enclosure. |
Taking control of peasant land in England which was previously communal and enclosing it for exclusive use by a landowner. |
|
|
Junkers |
Prussian noble landowners who forced peasants to work their land as serfs. |
|
|
Banalities |
Fees and taxes which peasants would pay for the use of equipment like molls on estates. The landlord's who owned the equipment collected the fees to offset declining rent values. |
|
|
Judith and Holofernes |
A biblical story of female dominance depicted in Renaissance paintings. |
|
|
Catasto |
An Italian wealth registry which collected data in household wealth and property. |
|
|
Nuclear Family. |
2 generations living together as a family. |
|
|
Extended family |
Various multigenerational family members sharing a household. |
|
|
Early results of printing |
Copies of religious texts Inexpensive books for the middle class Reference books for students Collaboration on translating and revising historical works Censorship |
|
|
Explain the royalization of warfare. |
Modern warfare became so expensive that only royal states could sustain the capital for it. The merchant could no longer afford a private army to protect his interests. |
|
|
Explain the proletarianization of warfare |
Innovation in warfare technology made infantry more valuable than cavalry. Infantry was reliant on the common man rather than landed nobility. |
|
|
What contributed to the origin of the scientific revolution |
Translation of Greek philosophy into Latin and proliferation of printed text encouraged flow of ideas between scholars. The studies of philosophy, mathematics, and artist-engineers combined allowing scholars to formulate and test hypotheses. |
|
|
Why did serfdom gradually disappear in Western Europe. |
Increased use of money prompted landowners to collect rent payments. Peasants were now free to move around to look for work and the shortage of labour due to plagues meant that landlord's needed to complete for tenants. |
|
|
What role did merchants play in early modern commerce. |
Merchants increased economoc activity in Europe. They supplied new goods and allowed producers to access a much wider market to sell their goods. |
|
|
Discuss the shift from craft production to capitalist production |
The importance of traditional guilds declined and production could be completed by less skilled people who could be laid less and needed ess training. The putting-out system largely replaced the guild system in the early modern period. |
|
|
Describe the early modern family. |
Most families were quite small since both birthrate and infant mortality were high. Both women and men married at a later age and women were very commonly widowed early in life. Remarriage was a very common occurrence. |
|
|
Otium |
The act of withdrawing from the world to contemplate philosophy |
|
|
Negotium. |
Opposite of otium. Staying connected with the outside world. |
|
|
Humanism |
Stresses importance on human matters and the mind rather than Devine or supernatural. Revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought. |
|
|
Antiquity |
The ancient past. The time before the middle ages. |
|
|
Historical mortality |
The understanding that civilizations of the past are dead. Rather than lament the decline of humanity, society should learn from their knowledge and their mistakes to improve itself. |
|
|
Scriptoria. |
Places where the copying of manuscripts and books took place. |
|
|
Renaissance Neapolitanists |
Followers of philosophy based on a mix of platonic and Christian values |
|
|
Cultural Nationalism |
Connection to other people in society based on culture rather than politics. City states in Italy shared cultural nationalism. |
|
|
Why did the Renaissance first begin in Florence |
Florence was an independent republic where everyone was a free citizen. The middle and upper classes had accumulated large amounts of wealth which they used to patronize the arts, build architecture and engage in philosophy. |
|
|
Why did early humanists praise classical studies |
The classics were thought to contain greater knowledge than what had survived through the middle ages. Philosophers studied them to recover old knowledge about the world and about human nature. |
|
|
Masaccio (significance) |
One of the first painters to focus on realistic figures and use perspective in painting. |
|
|
Donatello (significance) |
Practitioner of realist sculpture in the Renaissance. |
|
|
How did the Renaissance elevate the common people. |
The Renaissance stressed the importance of education and literacy. The printing press allowed the Bible to have greater distribution in the vernacular allowing more people direct contact with the scripture rather than simply being preached to in church. This brought the clergy to the same level as the laity with regards to religious interpretation. |
|
|
Changes between early and late Renaissance |
The Renaissance changed philosophers views of how one should lead life. Early philosophers like Petrarch believed that a life of inward solitude and moral thinking and opposed the accumulation of wealth.
Later philosophers became more respectful of living an active life and bettering oneself to enjoy it. |
|
|
Feudal monarchy |
Governing system of pre 15th century Europe. Every citizen is assigned a hierarchy status and serves a Lord or is served by a vassal. Lords have the right to make laws for their vassals. |
|
|
Sovereignty |
The power to make the law |
|
|
Corregidor |
Castilian officer of local government. Served terms of office in different towns and was laid by the monarchy. |
|
|
Justice of the Peace |
English officer of local government. Served voluntarily in his own town. |
|
|
Lieutenant du roi es baillages |
French local official selected by the king or nobles. |
|
|
Campagnies d'ordonnance |
French mercenary army under control of the king. Staffed by paid nobles rather than feudal service. |
|
|
Gabelle |
French salt tax. Forced the people to purchase salt from the state at extremely profitable prices. |
|
|
Alcabala |
Spanish tax of 10% on all commercial transactions. |
|
|
Extraordinary revenue |
Money required in addition to indirect income usually required for a military emergency. |
|
|
Taille |
The French direct tax on non noble landowners based on how much land they owned. |
|
|
Golden bull of 1356 |
Decree issued by the Holy Roman Imperial Diet that named the 7 Electoral prices and the process that the Emperor woukd be elected. |
|
|
Gemein pfenning |
Tax paid directly to the Empire. Part of reform at the Diet of Worms |
|
|
Landtag |
German local government assembly |
|
|
Battle of Mohacs |
1526. Sultan Suleiman of the Ottomans utterly crushed the Hungarian army in a massacre of 24000. Transferred Hungary to the control of the Ottomans who held it shortly before it fell to the Habsburgs. |
|
|
Abuse theory |
The idea that the Catholic church was corrupt with abuses of power. Reform from within the Catholoc church was due to abuse theory whereas the Reformation started because of differences in belief. |
|
|
Genevan Consistory |
Calvinists judicial council which prosecuted against crimes to the faith. The Consistory punished non believers and acts of moral disobedience. |
|
|
Nepotism |
Favouring of relatives or friends for positions of power. Common in the Catholic papacy. |
|
|
Jesuit order |
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola. The Jesuits were a religious order created to evangelized the Catholic faith around the world. |
|
|
Twelve Articles |
List of demands to the Swabian League from German peasants during the peasants revolt of 1525. Martin Luther urged the peasants to stay peaceful. |
|
|
Oratory of Devine Love |
A society of Roman priests that seeked to reform the Catholic Church in the 15th century. |
|
|
Sarcedotal |
Relating to priesthood |
|
|
Fuggerei |
A derogatory name for members of the merchant class. |
|
|
Zwinglian Sacramentarianism |
Zwinglian belief was that Communion was only symbolic and should be simple, not extravagant (like the Catholic Church) |
|
|
Menno Simons |
Father of Anabaptism. |
|
|
Anabaptism |
Religious sect which followed a literal interpretation of the Bible. Believed in free will and the importance of life work serving God as opposed to Lutheranism which beloved in predetermination and faith. Anabaptists practiced adult Baptism where followers chose to be a part of the religious sect rather than being born into it. |
|
|
Institutes of the Christian Religion |
Foundation document of Calvinism. Founded on the concept of fate being entirely in the hands of God. |
|
|
Conversos |
Convertors to the Catholic Church |
|
|
Cuius religio eius religio |
Established at the Peace of Augsburg 1555 which legitimized Lutheranism and granted the prince control of religion in his territory |
|
|
How did the Reformation begin and why in Germany. |
Reformation begin in 1517 when Luther published the 95 theses attacking the papacy. Luther criticized the Pope for selling Indulgences which were reduction in punishments for sin. Luther claimed that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and salvation was dependant on faith alone and not actions
The printing press in Germany helped the Protestant ideas to spread throughout Europe and convert people to the Protestant faith. Luther also had support of some of the German Princes. |
|
|
Policies of the Council of Trent vs Luther and Calvin |
The council of Trent affirmed Indulgences but refuted their sale and maintained that salvation was achieved through faith, scriptures, and tradition. The council made Catholicism more rigid and intolerant.
In Protestant tradition salvation came from individual faith only. |
|
|
Explain the why religious preferences of German princes varied so much. |
Some princes chose protestantism in order to further assert control away from the empower and control religion in their state. There was a financial advantage since Lutheran opposed monastic institutions which the Protestant states could choose to tax. Other Princes chose Catholicism to show their assignment with the empower. |
|
|
What was the impact of Bible reading in the Reformation. |
Bible reading lead to questioning of authority and further divided the Christian faith due to individual biblical interpretations. |
|
|
Explain the radical Reformation. |
The radical Reformation was an attempt by the Annabaptists to break complete from protestantism and Catholicism as well as the state. The Annabaptists alone were not strong enough against the church and state who were united against them. |
|
|
Effects of the Reformation on Women and the family |
The Reformation stressed importance on family education and Bible reading at home and included women in religious rituals.
Protestantism also viewed marriage as positive. |
|
|
Charivary |
Village groups meant to mock or punish those breaking moral and relationship tradition. Would stage rough music outside people's houses. |
|
|
Simplicissimus |
First German adventure novel. Published in 1668. |
|
|
Rack renting |
Excessive rents charged by landowners. The rental rates rose dramatically in the 17th century. |
|
|
Bill of Exchange |
A written order of payment used by merchants to transfer money using banks over long distances. |
|
|
Joint stock company |
A company that is jointly owned by its shareholders who invest smaller amounts of money. |
|
|
Fluyt |
A Dutch merchant cargo ship |
|
|
Golden age of Spain |
1492-1659. A period of flourishing arts and literature in spain coinciding with the Habsburg rule and the age of discovery. |
|
|
Protestant Wind |
The wind that wrecked the fleet of the Spanish Armada in the English channel in 1588. |
|
|
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
Attack against the Huguenots in France by the Catholics. 1572 Started by the marriage of Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV) and attempted assassination of the Huguenot leader in Paris. |
|
|
Council of troubles |
A section of the Spanish Inquisition which was dispatched to the Netherlands. The council initiated a reign of terror against heresy and rebellion effectively bringing the low countries back under direct Spanish governance. |
|
|
Union of Utrecht. |
Treaty in 1578 which created the United Netherlands of Dutch Protestant provinces which was independent from the Habsburg empire. |
|
|
12 years Truce |
Treaty which ended the Dutch revolt. Formally recognized the independence of the United Provinces by the Habsburgs. |
|
|
Galician Liberties |
Restriction of Papal control of the French Catholic Church. The bishops were now under the control and appointment of the king. |
|
|
Huguenots |
The French Protestant minority who were mostly Calvinists. |
|
|
Politiques |
Writers who advocated for the success of the state above all else. |
|
|
Edict of Nantes |
Introduced by Henry IV in 1598. The Edict granted the Huguenots the right to practice their religion and to hold public offices in France as a minority group. |
|
|
Defenestration of Prague |
Started the 30 years War. The Emperor sent Regents to Bohemia to cease Protestant activity. The Protestant Lords threw the Regents out the window. This began the 30 years War between the Catholic Habsburgs and the Protestant princes. |
|
|
Edict of Restitution |
1629. Decreed that any land not converted to protestantism prior to 1555 and the Peace of Augsburg was under Catholic control and could not be converted. |
|
|
Peace of Prague. |
1635 revoked the Edict of Restitution. The princes were again allowed authority over religion in their lands. |
|
|
Population trends in 16th and 17th centuries |
Huge population increase especially in the cities. Increase in migration between towns to look for work. |
|
|
Explain the theories for the price revolution and why it ended. |
The price revolution occurred due to both the huge population growth in Europe which increased demand for food and products causing their prices to inflate.
Also the Spanish imported very large amounts of gold and silver from the Americas in the 16th and 17th century which increased the money supply. |
|
|
Explain the Dutch revolt |
The Netherlands were separate states collectively owned by the Spanish Habsburgs. The northern provinces had adopted protestantism and a distrust of the Spanish occupation. Together they formed the United Provinces and fought the Spanish. Spain was forced to recognize the United Provinces at the 12 years Truce. |
|
|
Describe Henry IV and his achievements |
Henry IV was originally a Huguenot who converted to the Catholic faith to appease the nobility. Henry also appeased the Huguenots with the Edict of Nantes. He was assassinated in 1610. |
|
|
Nobility of the Robe |
Term for the new French nobility who received their status through offices. |
|
|
Gentry |
The lower aristocracy. Made up of merchants and officeholders. |
|
|
Derogation |
Loss of noble status for activities like money making or manual labour. |
|
|
Service state |
The state offers protection on return for services performed to the state. |
|
|
Rentes, juros,censos and monti |
Rents, juros were loans made to the state which laid high interest rates. Provided good income for those who invested in them. Censos and monti were personal loans from the state. Difficult to pay back. |
|
|
Regent class |
Senior administrative officers |
|
|
Freehold |
Permanent ownership of land. |
|
|
Second serfdom |
Free peasant landowners in Eastern Europe who were forced to surrender their land to Lords and work as serfs. |
|
|
Arbitristas |
Economics writers. They were critical of people living off interest payments and concerned about the declining economy in spain. Encouraged better enforcement of tax collection from the Spanish kingdoms. |
|
|
Family Industry |
The home is the center of production. there is little separation between home and work and everyone in the family helps out. |
|
|
Capitalist industry |
Industry moves outside the home. Each employee has a role and duty and are paid in wages. |
|
|
Feme sole |
A widow or spinster who had the common law right to trade and own property |
|
|
Feme coverte. |
Married women who did not have rights to own property and were under the jurisdiction of their husbands |
|
|
Johannes Kepler |
German mathematician for the Holy Roman Empire. He refined the refractive lens telescope. Found the formulas for the orbit of planets. |
|
|
Why did the crown support the aristocracy? |
The crown depended on the aristocracy as the foundation of the state. They had the authority to be administrators and generals and impose laws on the people. The state used the nobility as it's regional administrators. |
|
|
Why did the peasants community become polarized in the early modern period? |
The peasants who were freeholders became extremely successful whole those who paid rent to landlord's saw their incomes drop. |
|
|
Explain the second serfdom in eastern Europe. |
The rural nobility had much more authority and absorbed the land of peasants into their demesne. The landowners had serfs work their land and sold the grain produced for very good prices. Laws were passed that bound the peasant to the land so that they could not move. |
|
|
What role did women play in 17th century urban economy? |
Women bargain to take part in their husbands work especially in clothing and needlecraft. Widowed women could take on the family business after their husbands died and even take apprentices. Unmarried women had little opportunity to work outside the family business. |
|
|
Beggars brotherhood |
Organized secret society of the poor. Legends of the brotherhood existed across Europe in the 15th century. |
|
|
Company of the blessed Sacrament |
Christian poor religious organizations which began in the mod 1600s. They set up poor relief programs and hospitals all over France. |
|
|
Colonial slavery |
Slaves originated from conquered peoples. Most common in western Europe and the colonies. |
|
|
Feudal Slavery |
Revoking the existing freedom of workers. Common for factory workers and miners who had their wages frozen. |
|
|
White and black magic |
White magic was associated with good purposes and was a part of religion. Black magic was associated with evil actsband women's pacts with the devil. |
|
|
Maleficium |
Atom for mischief. Associated with black magic. |
|
|
Hermetic tradition |
Pre biblical philosophy and science. |
|
|
Blue library |
Books meant for entertainment sold by traveling book sellers. Often bound in blue. |
|
|
Mazarinades |
Pamphlets directed at Cardinal Mazarin which protested the despotism of the monarchy. |
|
|
Fugger newsletters |
Collections of correspondence from merchants across Europe collected and distributed as journalistic and business news. |
|
|
The grand tour |
Scholarly tours of Europe made by children of the nobility and gentry to further their knowledge |
|
|
Utopia |
written by Thomas More in 1516. Theorised a fictional society on the island of utopia. Reflected on contemporary problems in Europe. |
|
|
What caused increases in refugees |
The refugees were religious minorities who had been forced to move to lractice their religion. The Morocco's and Huguenots are examples. |
|
|
What is the most plausible explanation for persecution of witches. |
The people believed that witches who were an accepted part of society were in communication with the devil and responsible for black magic. |
|
|
Court vs country aristocracy |
Country Aristocracy believed themselves superior in virtue to the courtiers who they criticised as baurocratic and out of touch with the people. |
|
|
Long Parliament. |
The Parliament called by Charles I out of desperation for money from taxation. The Parliament refused and imposed constitutional changes to limit monarchial power. Charles accepted them but then started a civil war with the Parliament. |
|
|
Levellers. |
Political group in the civil war. Cashed riots against land enclosures. |
|
|
Barebone's Parliament |
Oliver Cromwell's Parliament. They could not agree and dissolved themselves appointing Cromwell as Lord protector. |
|
|
Olivares |
Regent to Philip IV of Spain. Tried to unite and centralize the Spanish kingdoms. |
|
|
Cossacks |
Easter Slavic people who occupied Russia and Ukraine in nomadic and militaristic societies. The Romanov Czars attempted to tax them and tie them to the land. |
|
|
Midland revolt. |
1607. A riot lead by Captain Pouch to destroy enclosures. |
|
|
Stepan Razin |
Leader of the Cossack revolt. Lead the Cossacks in a fight against the nobility for their freedom. |
|
|
Mannerism |
The pre baroque artistic style. Known for exaggerated composition. |
|
|
French Academy |
Founded by Cardinal Richelieu to promote the purification of the French language. Became a prestigious literary society in France. |
|
|
The Royal Society. |
Founded in 1662 in London for the purpose of furthering practical and scientific knowledge |
|
|
Halley's comet |
Periodic comet whose orbit was computer by Redmond Halley. |
|
|
What slowed growth and expansion in the 16th century? |
Delayed marriage and family planning slowed population growth and child mortality went down and disaster and plague was less common. Families married later and had fewer children. |
|
|
Why did the Fronde fail? |
The leaders of the Fronde were only concerned with removing Mazarine and rebelling against absolutist control. They were not unified in any other and and so the government fell into anarchy. |
|
|
Why did the Catalan rebellion fail? |
After rebelling against Spanish centralization, the Catalans could not support themselves without protection. Following the rebellion they chose to support the French. Eventually Catalina was won back by the Spanish and given their previous Concessions. |
|
|
Why did the peasants revolt in the 17th century. |
The peasants revolted due to increasing costs of living and higher taxes. The nobility by comparison received tax exemption. |
|
|
Absolutism |
Form of government where there are no limits on the monarchy to collect taxes. |
|
|
Colbert |
First minister under Louis XIV. Colbert was a government reformer managed an era of stability. Cancelled debts from the war and lowered the taille to make it more reliable. |
|
|
Peace of Ryswick. |
Treaty at the end of the 9 years War. France lost its recent territorial gains on the German border. |
|
|
War of Spanish Succession |
Started after the Spanish empire was passed to Philip d'Anjou (Louis XIV's grandson) Spain had refused to partition the empire among both the French and Austrians. England, Netherlands, and Austria formed the Grand Alliance to prevent the succession. The war was settled at the Treaty of Ultrecht where France and Spain were never allowed join together. |
|
|
Intendant |
The French tax collectors under Louis XIV who oversaw local affairs for the monarchy. |
|
|
Whigs and Tories |
The Whigs opposed the succession of the crown to James II because he was Catholic and allied to France. The Tories supported James II and were loyal to the monarchy. |
|
|
Bill of Rights |
Exacted by Parliament in 1689 after William III of Orange took the throne. The King could not suspend laws or raise taxes without parliamentary consent. No citizen could be arrested without a legal trial. |
|
|
Act of Settlement |
Parliamentary law stating that no Catholics could be king. James II's descendants were refereed to as the Pretenders. |
|
|
Service gentry |
Russian gentry who were rewarded for their state service by the Tsar. They were awarded land that could not be inherited. |
|
|
Streltsy |
Russian marksmen units. They had power over the appointment of Tsar. The Streltsy favoured Peter's half sister Sophia. |
|
|
Battle of Poltravia |
Battle between Russia and Sweden. Peter the Great had vastly increased the skill of the Russian army and slaughtered the Swedish. |
|
|
Table of Ranks |
Created by Peter the Great. Outlined 14 successive ranks in the military, civil and court service. Obtaining higher ranks awarded gentry or nobility status |
|
|
Dissenters. |
Christians separated from the Church of England. Objected to state interference in religion. |
|
|
Ancients vs moderns |
A common debate among writers of the 17th century whether the modern era was a progression or regression of society. |
|
|
Jansenism |
Catholic theological movement which originated in France in the 17th century. Denied the existence of free will. |
|
|
Natural law |
The idea that certain values and morals are inherent to human nature. Positive law should be as close as possible to natural law. |
|
|
What checked Louis XIVs power |
The regional bureaucracy and venal offices which could not be removed. Also Louis could not tax the nobility. |
|
|
What happened when William and Mary took the English throne? |
James II fled to France. William formed an alliance of England, Germany and Holland against France. England and Scotland formed the united kingdom. England increased its military power through government loans. |
|
|
What was Peter the Great's impact? |
Peter modernized and westernized Russia. He created many important institutions and policies including a professional military, the navy, executive board government, ranks, education systems and factories. Peter also brought the church under the order of the state. |
|
|
Bishop Bossuet |
French bishop who was a strong supporter of religious absolutism. Called for Louis XIV to end religious disputes and create a universal Christian kingdom. |
|
|
Landrate |
Prussia royal officials recruited from nobility for state service. |
|
|
Emperor Joseph II |
Son of Empress Maria Theresa. Reformed and centralized the Holy Roman Empire. Abolished feudalism and encouraged economic development through lower taxes and agrarian reform. Issued an Edict of religious Toleration. |
|
|
Sejm |
Polish National Assembly controlled by wealthy magnates who had the power to elect the king. The king was very weak since he answered tot he Sejm magnates. |
|
|
Pocket Bourough |
Electoral areas in Britain which contained very few people. Landowners of pocket boroughs basically owned seats in parliament. |
|
|
L'Hotel des Invalides |
Relief institution which provided food and accommodation for over 3000 old and disabled veterans in Paris. |
|
|
Robot |
The peasant labour service in German and Russia. Peasants were required to work the Lords demesne certain days a week. |
|
|
demesne |
Land reserved for the Lord to farm. |
|
|
Obrok |
replacement for Robot labour obligations. Monetary obligations to the Lord. |
|
|
Seigneur lords |
Had jurisdiction over land and the peasants who worked on it in France. Could demand fees for services and had control of mannorial courts |
|
|
Vacant Pasture |
Pasture which was enclosed after harvest for grazing of livestock and used collectively by peasants in the community. |
|
|
Fermier |
Wealthier peasants who acted as the tax collector for the Seigneur. |
|
|
Cameralists |
Government reformers in Austria and Prussia who attempted to improve economic output through new methods of agriculture. |
|
|
Raab system |
Farming reform system used in the Hapsburg empire. Royal land was leased to peasants in exchange for rent but peasants were free to farm how they wanted. |
|
|
Hobereaux, hidlagos, szlachta... |
Poorer nobles who lived on subsistence The state attempted to take their noble status away. |
|
|
Family reconstitution |
The processes of forming extended family trees by analyzing parish records. |
|
|
Thomas Malthus |
Political economist who worried about the rising population in Europe outpacing agricultural production. |
|
|
War of Austrian Succession |
A series of Wars initiated by the objection of Prussia to Maria Theresa's claim to the Holy Roman Empire. |
|
|
7 years war. |
War between all major powers both in Europe and in the Colonies. Results: France lost most of its North american colonies, Prussia emerged as a great power. |
|
|
18th century Military tactics |
Large armies of highly trained riflemen. Since warfare was expensive the enemy would only be engaged in battle from advantageous tactical positions. Battles increasingly took place around fortifications which would protect forces and hold supplies. |
|
|
Why did the death rate drop? |
Europe experienced more stable food supplies in the 18th century. |
|
|
Improving Landlords |
Landowners who practiced agricultural reform to increase production. Mostly in Britain. |
|
|
Proto-Industrial |
Areas of the English country where production of textile products increased rapidly due to the spread of the putting out system and cottage industry. |
|
|
Hopital general |
Shelters for the poor funded by charity. |
|
|
Act of Settlement |
English poor law. Local parishes were responsible for the care of only the poor who were born there to discourage migration and vagrants. |
|
|
Outdoor releif |
Non institutional relief such as subsidies from the parish. |
|
|
Indoor relief |
Institutional relief such as shelters. |
|
|
Lettre de cachet |
general warrant for the arrest and imprisonment of individuals without trial. |
|
|
Grand Jury |
A committee that decided whether cases were valid for trial. |
|
|
Cesare Beccaria |
Advocate of Justice reform. Opposed the use of torture and proposed more humane and rehabilitative sentencing. |
|
|
Game laws |
Laws which prohibited the non noble classes from hunting. Often had serious punishments including death. |
|
|
Physiocrats |
Advocates of agrarian reform to increase agricultural production and grow the economy |
|
|
Johann Winckelmann |
German Art historian and archaeologist of the 18th century. |
|
|
Rococo art |
18th century artistic movement following baroque. It is more florid and graceful than baroque.
|
|
|
Baroque art |
Exaggerated, dramatic art style of the 17th century. |
|
|
The Spectator |
British daily periodical published in 1711 |
|
|
Pamela |
Popular novel in the 18th century |
|
|
The Sorrows of Young Werther |
Novel by Johann von Goethe. Important novel of the Sturm and Drang period. |
|
|
Realschulen |
German secondary school with an ephasis on practical education. |
|
|
Dissenting Academies |
schools that were run by dissenters and who did not conform to the Church of England. |
|
|
Freemasonry |
Social organization which aligned with Enlightenment values |
|
|
Sir William Blackstone |
Writer of Commentaries on the Laws of England, the standard textbook on English law. |
|
|
Christian Skepticism |
Philosophers like Bayle who was skeptical of the bible or viewed the stories as myths. |
|
|
Diderot's Enclyclopedie |
An inventory of all knowledge related to the Enlightenment. Contained more than 70,000 articles on a huge variety of topics. Financed by subscribers who paid in advance. |
|
|
Jean d'Alembert |
French mathematician who co-edited the Encyclopedie. |
|
|
The History of the Two Indes |
popular comprehensive history and encyclopedia of the colonies that was widely read during the Enlightenment |
|
|
Enlightened absolutism. |
Stressed the importance of a strong but enlightened ruler. Voltaire was a supporter of enlightened absolutism. |
|
|
The Spirit of the Laws |
Montesquieu's treatise on political theory. Advocated that different regions and times required different forms of government. |
|
|
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality |
Work by Rousseau. Humans had a natural freedom. Private property is the source of inequality. |
|
|
Libelles |
Slanderous but entertaining pamphlets which attacked public figures. |
|
|
Unigenitus |
A papal bull that condemned Jansenism which was opposed by the French parliament. |
|
|
Edict on Idle Institutions |
Decree issued by Joseph II which prohibited monastic institutions that were not practical to society. |
|
|
Camisard Rebellion |
Guerrilla uprising of Huguenots who lived in the mountainous regions of France |
|
|
Jean Calas |
Voltaire saved him from execution by writing a letter to the king in his favour. Calas was to be executed for supposedly killing his son to prevent his conversion to Catholicism. Voltaire had him acquitted since there was little evidence against him. |
|
|
Toleration Patent of 1781 |
Edict issued by Joseph II which granted religious freedom to all non-Catholic Christians in the Holy Roman Empire. |
|
|
Blood libels |
Beliefs of Jewish violence against Christians |
|
|
Confraternity of the Rosary |
Local prayer group which existed separate from the parishes and provided religious services to its members |
|
|
Nikolaus von Zinzendorf |
Reformer of the German pietist movement |
|
|
Pietism |
Religious movement centered around personal piety, Pietists met in small prayer groups called conventicles to discuss the scripture. |
|
|
Pugachev rebellion |
Started by Pugachev in 1773, a Cossack who had fled from the Russian army and claimed to be Peter II (a redeemer Czar). Pugachev started a revolt among the Cossacks promising to free them from serfdom. |
|
|
Redeemer Czar |
A mythical Russian leader who would liberate the peasants from repression |
|
|
John Wilkes |
MP who was arrested for libel against the king and parliament. Parliament refused to seat him when he was elected by the people and started a riot. Later Wilkes advocated for electoral reform |
|
|
Yorkshire Freeholders Association |
Voters group which petitioned for the end of government patronage and electoral reform. |
|
|
Four Years' Diet |
The Polish Diet that adopted the May 3 constitution |
|
|
May Constitution |
Constitution of Poland. Strengthened the power of the monarch which included making the position hereditary and abolished the regional vetoes of the magnates. |
|
|
Seigneurial reaction |
An attempt by landowners to get as much money as they could from peasant tenants. They would give some to the state and keep the rest. |
|
|
Assembly of Notables |
Assembly formed by Louise XIV with 150 members from all orders and regions. Their purpose was to endorse a universal land tax which would tax nobles. The assembly turned against the king and dennounced the tax as tyrannical policy. |
|
|
What is the Third Estate |
A pamphlet published during the formation of the Estates-General that petitioned for membership of the Third estate to total the number of members of the first two and for votes to be counted together rather than by each order separately. |
|
|
London Corrisponding Society |
Comprised of mostly tradespeople and shopkeepers which advocated for universal franchise. |
|
|
La Loi Le Chapellier |
Law which abolished corporations and trade guilds following the revolution. |
|
|
Girondins |
The moderate revolutionaries. |
|
|
Jacobins |
Radical revolutionary political party. Lead by Robespierre. took over the Legislative Assembly from the Girondists and orchestrated the Reign of Terror. |
|
|
Sans Culottes |
Large part of the revolutionary army. Radical revolutionaries from the lower classes. |
|
|
Committee of Public Safety |
A committee created to oversee internal and foreign affairs controlled by Robespierre and the Jacobins |
|
|
Law of Suspects |
Decree passed by the Committee of Public safety in 1793 which allowed arrest of anyone suspected to be enemies of the revolution. |
|
|
The Directory |
Succeeded the Committee of Public Safety. During this era France Annexed Belgium and set up sister republics in Italy Switzerland and the Netherlands. Ended when Napoleon staged a Coup after returning from Egypt. |
|
|
Emigres |
French people opposed to the revolution who fled the country and plotted against it. |
|
|
Declaration on the rights of Man and Citizen |
French Constitution enacted in 1789 which granted equal rights of citizenship to every individual. Established a Constitutional monarchy in France |
|
|
Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
Passed in 1790 and confiscated all land from the clergy. |
