Early Judaism - Exam 1 Review

Front 1

Rosh Hashanah

Back 1

-Jewish New Year
-literally means "first of the year"
-"Day of the sounding of the shofar"
-no work permitted, most of the day is spent in synagogue
-lasts 1-2 days

Front 2

Yom Kippur

Back 2

-Day of Atonement
-holiest day of the Jewish year
-complete Sabbath; no work, fasting, in synagogue or prayer
-attainment of the supreme blessing and reconciliation with God

Front 3

Sukkot

Back 3

-"season of our gladness"
-seven-day harvest festival
-dwelling in booths (sukkah) commemorating the Israelites' 40 years in the desert
-5 days after Yom Kippur
-last of 3 pilgrimage festivals

Front 4

Pesach/Passover

Back 4

-in the month of Nisan
-"feast of unleavened bread"
-agricultural: celebrating the first grain harvest
-commemoration of the Exodus from Egypt
-Lord passes over the Israelite houses with blood on doorposts

Front 5

seder

Back 5

-seder haggadah
-"order of narration"
-celebratory meal
-recounting of the Exodus story

Front 6

Shavout

Back 6

-start counting for seven weeks after Passover
-Pentecost (Greek)
-"Weeks"
-sefirah (counting) season
-Festival of Shavout = end of barley season and beg. of wheat season
-Also, commemoration of Sinaitic theophany

Front 7

temple

Back 7

-literally, the house of God
-only priests were allowed inside
-not a place of congregation or worship

Front 8

First Temple Period

Back 8

-960 BC to 586 BC
-Solomon's Temple
-Temple was destroyed and Jews were exiled into Babylonian captivity

Front 9

Second Temple Period

Back 9

-516 BC to 70 AD
-Rebuilding of temple authorized by Cyrus the Great of Persia

Front 10

Saul

Back 10

-first king of the Israelites (12 tribes of Israel)
-1030 BC

Front 11

David

Back 11

-succeeds Saul as king of Israelites
-1000 BC
-ruled for 40 years
-United Monarchy
-Captures Jerusalem and makes it the political and religious captial
-David does not build the temple

Front 12

Solomon

Back 12

-succeeds David as king of Israelites
-970 BC
-Built the first Jewish temple on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem
-he created political alliances with local peoples by marrying daughters of local kings
-religion under Solomon was technically not Judaism, but Israelite religion

Front 13

United Monarchy

Back 13

-United by David in 1006 BC
-Disrupted in 930 BC
-Split into Israel (north) and Judah (south)

Front 14

Kingdom of Israel (north)

Back 14

-Capital at Samaria
-kings established alternate places of worship
-practiced inclusive Yahwism

Front 15

Inclusive Yahwism

Back 15

-worship God of Israel as the major patron deity, but alongside him you worship other major gods and goddesses

Front 16

Exclusive Yahwism

Back 16

-worship only the God of Israel, and NO other gods or goddesses alongside him

Front 17

Kingdom of Judah (south)

Back 17

-Capital at Jerusalem (which was the religious capital for everyone--they believed)
-Exclusive Yahwism
-favored by the writers of the Hebrew Bible

Front 18

Jeroboam

Back 18

-first king of the Northern Kingdom of Israel 922 BC
-writers of the Hebrew Bible portray him in a negative light
-thought countryside sanctuaries were okay (Bethel and Dan)
-"became sin to Israel" - writers of Hebrew Bible condemned Jeroboam's actions as sin

Front 19

Ahab

Back 19

-king of the Northern Kingdom of Israel from 872 to 851 BC.
-pretty good king; kingdom flourished
-Judean writers despised Ahab
-he married Jezebel (daughter of Phoenician king) politically like Solomon
-was an inclusive Yahwist
-built at temple to Baal in Samaria
-provoked the jealousy of the GOI according to Judeans

Front 20

Jezebel

Back 20

-daughter of Itobaal, King of Tyre (in Phoenicia)
-married Ahab
-her name incorporates Baal
-Jezebel was killed by officers in the army

Front 21

Assyrian Empire

Back 21

-located in modern, northern Iraq
-begins to strengthen in the 9th century
-8th century, very powerful; begins to push towards Mediterranean
-capital was Ninevah
-conquers Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC
-10 lost tribes (exiles into Assyria)
-invade Judah in 701 BC (ravage the countryside, siege Jerusalem, but fail to conquer Judah
-Defeated by Babylonians in 612 BC

Front 22

King Josiah

Back 22

-king of Judah from 640 - 609 BC
-loved by Biblical writers
-Deuteronomic Reform (make Yahwism exclusive AND centralize the cult in Jerusalem)
-tried to eliminate alternate sanctuaries (burned vessels of Baal and Asherah)
-other idols in the Jewish temple at the time
-Hilkiah found Deuteronomic scripture when cleaning out temple; began to advocate this "second law"
-killed by Pharaoh Necho at Maggido

Front 23

Hilkiah

Back 23

-high priest during Josiah's reign
-found Book of the Law while cleaning out the temple

Front 24

Zedekiah

Back 24

-last king of Judah before Babylonian exile (succeeded Josiah)
-tried to escape Jerusalem at night from Babylonians
-Babylonians caught him, blinded him, killed his sons, and sent him in to captivity

Front 25

Babylonian Exile

Back 25

-586 to 539 BC
-wasn't that bad for the Jews; standard of living high
-elders were the Jewish communal leaders
-edited Pentateuch and Prophets
-possible origin of synagogue
-only remained dominant power for 50-60 yrs

Front 26

Persian Empire

Back 26

-defeated Babylonian Empire around 550 BC
-Cyrus the Great
-allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem to build temple
-God of Israel "made" Cyrus do it; Cyrus had own agenda
-Persians wanted loyalty; no rebellions in 100yrs
-Subdivided in satrapies, medinot
-common language (Aramaic)

Front 27

satrapies

Back 27

-analogous to US states
-units of Persian Empire
-governor = satrap
-quite large
-main reason was for collecting taxes

Front 28

medinot

Back 28

-subdivision of satrapies
-e.g. Yahud (Judea) was part of Judah but not all of it

Front 29

Judea

Back 29

-medinah of Yahud; subdivision in Persian Empire
-inhabitants were descendants of those from Babylonian Exile
-Judeans