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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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living organisms...
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... are constant and unchanging
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global explorations started in the ...
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... 1500's
-turned up extraordinary diversities of life forms |
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Buffon (1770's)
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-thought that the creation of species is spread out in space
-perhaps species become modified over time |
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Erasmus Darwin (1770's)
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-all organisms had a common ancestor
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Jean Babtiste de Lamarck (1809)
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-suggested that life had been created long ago in a simple state, and had been gradually improving
-proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics -species change over time and environment was a factor in this change |
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Evolution (in Darwin's terms)
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-descent with modification
-Darwin was first to suggest a plausible mechanism for evolution |
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descent with modification...
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... allows for tests of evolution
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gravity as a scientific fact
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all experiments designed to test for gravity have shown it occurs
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Science vs. Religion
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-not incompatible, as are designed for different tasks
-scientists of different faiths still use the same approaches for asking and testing questions -many scientists are religious and many people of strong faith still have a deep interest in science |
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religion...
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... is a system of beliefs generating a set of values and culture
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science...
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... is a specific tool for asking questions and rigorously testing them
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a strong scientific idea...
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... is one that brings order to a set of apparently disparate set of facts
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evolution will leave...
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... signs that we should be able to detect
Key: signatures of shared ancestry |
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Evidence - Biogeography
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-armadillos and glyptodont fossil found in same locations in South America
-If they had been created separately, why would both living and extinct forms be restricted to the same area? -Darwin thought it made more sense to assume the armadillo evolved from the glyptodont or a close relative. -different finches on different Galapagos islands, all close to a single species on mainland |
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Evidence - Functional Morphology
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Vestigial organs:
-humans have muscles to move ears -humans have a vestigial tail -vestigial toes in horses -vestigial pelvis and femur in whales and snakes |
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Evidence - Paleontology
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Fossils: the hard evidence for evolution
-not everything leaves fossils -line of fossils that show the progression -archaeopteryx has reptilian traits and bird traits; it is transitionary -ex. evolution of the hoof |
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Evidence - Comparative Embryology
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-Embryos used to look more similar.
-Embryos of different vertebrates are similar. |
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Haeckel
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Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
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von Baer's law
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features that distinguish between different species tend to arise later in development
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Evidence from animal breeding
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Darwin was greatly impressed by how much domesticated animals had been changed by artificial selection.
ex. breeds of dogs, cattle, pigeons |
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More recently: molecular data
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-protein sequencing
-DNA sequencing -whole genome sequencing |
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Molecular evidence of shared ancestry
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More closely related species should have more similar DNA sequences
ex. bat is closer to whale than bird |
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Genomic data from ___ species
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500+
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Most of DNA is _________
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non-coding
(i.e. does not make a transcript) Full of signatures of inactivated genes |
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more genomic evidence:
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-many shared genes b/w widely divergent species (e.g., yeast & humans share roughly 40% of their genes)
-evidence of how new genes have evolved from old ex. highly-expressed protein in vertebrate eyes are simply common metabolic enzymes (often present in bacteria) that (in some cases) have duplicated and diverged. |
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pseudogenes:
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defective copies of a gene that no longer work (may contain early stop codons, be truncated copies, contain major deletions, locations random in the genome)
ex. humans and chimps |
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Evolution explains...
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... and unites a number of otherwise strange observations
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