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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name germ layers
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ECTODERM
MESODERM ENDODERM (also neural crest) |
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Analgen
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primordium of a tissue or organ
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Teratorolgy
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study of abnormal development
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Differentiate between a zygote, embryo, and conceptus:
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ZYGOTE: resulting combo of fertilization
EMBRYO: (d. 1-56) early stages of development CONCEPTUS: the embryo and associated membranes |
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Time frame for miscarriages:
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135 days (with spontaneous abortion)
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When so homologous chromosomes and double chromatids separate?
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MEIOSIS I (anaphase 1) = separation of homologous chromosomes
MEIOSIS II (anaphase 2) = separation of double chromatids |
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Where does recombination between homologous chromosomes occur?
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MEIOSIS 1, prophase/ metaphase
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Name steps in spermatogenesis:
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Spermatogonia- produce primary spermatocytes via mitosis
Primary spermatocytes (diploid) - MEIOSIS 1 - Secondary spermatocytes (haploid) secondary spermatocytes - MEIOSIS 2- spermatids spermatids - SPERMIOGENESIS - sperm |
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Spermatogenesis vs. Spermiogenesis
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sperMATOgenesis = generation of sperm from spermatogonia
sperMIOgenesis = generation of sperm from spermatids |
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Prenatal Development of Oocytes
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Oogonia - proliferate via mitosis early
oogonia - enlargement - primary oocytes primary oocytes + surrounding follicular cells = primordial follicle primary oocytes - meiosis 1 up to prophase, arrest of meiosis until puberty |
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Primordial Follicle
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Primary Oocyte + surrounding follicular cels
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Primary Follicles
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enlargement of primary oocytes with change of follicular cells and formation of ZONA PELLUCIDA
formation during PUBERTY |
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Stage of development of Secondary Oocyte at ovulation
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Meiosis II - metaphase
meiosis completed upon fertilization with generation of a second polar body |
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Atresia
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programed cell death of primary oocytes
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(GnRH) triggers:
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release of FSH and LH (from pituitary)
(GnRH made by hypothalmus) |
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Purpose of FSH in oogenosis
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FSH rescues 15-20 primary follicles a month
FSH not required fro development of primordial follicle to primary follicle |
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Teratogen
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an agent causing the malformation of an embryo/fetus
most sensitive stage is at 3-8 weeks |
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Describe the steps of SPERMATOGENESIS and the processes between each stage.
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SPERMATOGONIA - (mitosis and growth) - 1 SPERMATOCYTES - (meiosis 1) - 2 SPERMATOCYTES - (meiosis 2) - SPERMATIDS - (spermiogenesis) - mature sperm - (capacitation)
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Capacitation
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the process by which mature sperm change to be able to fertilize an egg
occurs after ejaculation in the uterus or uterine tubes |
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How long does spermatogesis take?
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2 months
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At what point during Meiosis does the product become haploid?
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after Meiosis 1, with sister chromatids still joined
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Describe the pre-natal portion of OOGENESIS.
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OOGONIA will proliferate via mitosis during early fetal life.
OOGONIA enlarge to form PRIMARY OOCYTES primordial follicle = primary oocyte + surrounding flattened epithelial follicular cells begin meiosis 1, halted at prophase by maturation inhibitor |
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Primordial Follicle
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primary oocyte + surrounding flattened epithelial follicular cells
formed during early fetal life |
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Describe post-natal portion of oogenesis.
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formation of PRIMARY FOLLICLES during puberty:
-primary oocytes enlarge -follicle cells change shape -oocyte becomes surrounded by ZONA PELLUCIDA OVULATION begins |
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differentiate between a PRIMARY OOCYTE, and a PRIMARY FOLLICLE
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PRIMARY OOCYTES form during early fetal development from oogonia; halted at prophase 1 until ovulation
PRIMARY FOLLICLES = primary oocyte with follicle cells and zona pellucida |
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Atresia
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programed cell death of secondary follicles that will not be ovulated
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What is the genetic composistion of primary and secondary oocytes?
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PRIMARY = 46 X
SECONDARY = 23 X |
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At what stage of meiosis is the ovulated oocyte?
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Meiosis II - metaphase II
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Describe the purpose of FSH and LH in follicular development:
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FSH causes 15-20 primary follicles to grow each month
LH surge causes completion of one primary oocyte to complete meiosis 1 to produce secondary oocyte and 1st polar body; also OVULATION |
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What can produce estrogen?
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Secondary follicles
Corpus luteum |
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What does corpus luteum produce?
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estrogen and progesterone
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What defines a secondary follicle from a primary follicle?
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development of the ANTRUM for the secondary follicle
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What is the purpose of LH?
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surge causes completion of primary oocyte meiosis 1 to produce secondary oocyte and 1st polar body
surge causes ovulation |
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Corona Radiata
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after ovulation, CUMULUS OOHORUS cells will rearrange around the ZONA PELLUCIDA to form the CORONA RADIATA
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What is expelled in ovulation?
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Secondary oocyte
1st polar body Follicular fluid Zona pellucida Corona radiata |
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Fibriae
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fingers at edge of uterine tube that sweep ovulatory products into uterine tube (into infundibulum)
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Infudibulum
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the opening of the uterine tube, lines with fimbriae
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Ampulla
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location of fertilization in uterine tube
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Dispermy
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when two sperm fertilize one egg; results in trisomy and abortion
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