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30 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Birth process |
Often and intensive process. Involving many choices. - whether or not to use drugs during labor and delivery - the location of birth - whether or not the father should be present during delivery |
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Drugs during labor and delivery |
About 40% of mothers in the United States fear pain during childbirth. What medications to use: Mian 2 are Analgesics and anesthetics. Analgesics: pain-relieving injections. Do not include loss of consciousness. Regional Analgesics (epidural): most common. Complete loss of sensation below the injection site in the spine. Local anesthitics: injections that cause numbness in a very small area. Often used when an episiotomy is necessary. General anesthesia: relieves pain and induces unconsciousness. Generally used only in emergency situations. |
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Drugs during labor and delivery |
-All drugs pass through the placenta and into the infant's bloodstream. May affect the fetus is eating and sleeping patterns for a short period Of time. -Infants may show signs of intoxication. In rear cases seizures have been reported. Or changes in heartbeat. - studying effect of drug use is difficult. Impossible to randomly assign mother's to use. Often multiple drugs are used. |
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Drugs during labor and delivery / natural |
Natural birth / Lamaze: -Psychological and behavioral methods of pain management. Prepared childbirth classes to become psychologically prepared.: - use of the word "contraction" rather than "pain" - relaxation and breathing techniques. - learns to focus attention. |
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Location of birth |
- most common in most societies is to give birth in a hospital. -Locations include: Hospital maternity unit or birth center. Freestanding birth center. At home. - cultural changes: early 1900 5% of births occurred in hospitals. Currently 99% of births occur in hospitals. |
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Presence of others |
Father's presence: previously many hospitals have had policies regarding the presence of hospitals or others in the delivery room. Has positive effects on the mother When fathers are present, mother's experience less pain and requested less medication, and birth center and have fewer complications. Currently is the norm in the US for fathers to be present in the delivery room. |
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Birth process |
Three stages of labor: stage one |
Stage 1: - dilation / the cervix open. - effacement / the cervix flattens. (may also occur over the weeks preceding delivery) -Early phase / contractions far apart and not terribly uncomfortable. - active themes slash cervix goes from 3 to 4 cm to 8 cm. Contractions closer together and more intense. - transition phase ( relatively brief) cervix goes from 8cm to 10cm. Contractions are strong and most painful. -Stage one last a minimum of 1 hour and maximum of 20. - towards the end the mother will feel the urge to push. |
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Three stages of labor / stage 2 |
Stage 2: - mother feels the urge to push. - actual delivery begins. - infant moves from cervix to birth canal to world. Length of time: - about 50 minutes for first infants. - about 20 minutes for later deliveries. Position of infant: - typical / headfirst, facing mother spine. - brinch / or bottom first. |
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Three stages of labor / stage 3 |
Stage 3: - placenta detaches and is expelled. - occurs within 20 minutes of delivery. - uterus returns to smaller size. - some small contractions may be present during the stage. |
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Cesarean delivery |
Infant is delivered through Surgical incision. May be performed if there are indications of: fetal distress, breech position, failure of Labor progression, large fetus too large to deliver, maternal Health concern injury / disease. C-section rate is 30%: -Main concerns that this is too high. -Multiple births or multiple fetuses -3% are elective |
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Birth complications |
Many complications are possible: -anoxia: insufficiency of oxygen. Failure of umbilical circulation. Pinch or squeeze in umbilical cord. Long-term anoxia can cause brain damage, mental retardation. - birth injuries: dislocation of hips and shoulders. Fractures. Nerve compression of face muscles that can cause: temporary paralysis. -Birth complications interfere with the child's Weider functions. It may cause variety problems later on. |
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Assisting the newborn |
Pagar score: Happens right after birth. And 5 minutes later. - scoring is 0,1,2 - heart rate: 0 = absent 1 = under 100 a minute 2= over a 100 a minute - respiratory rate: 0 = no breathing, 1 = weak cry and shallow breathing, 2 = strong cry and regular breathing - muscle tone: 0 = flaccid 1 = some flexion 2 = well flexed - stimulation of feet: 0 = none 1 = some motion 2 = cry - color: 0 = blue / pale 1 = body pink extremities blue 2 = completely pink *Scoring 7 or higher indicates no danger. Scoring four, five, six indicates assistance needed. Scoring 3 or below indicates a baby is in critical condition. |
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Limitations of apgar test |
Only reveals severe problems. Items do not cover many important in neurological functions and behaviors. |
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Assessing a newborn / Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale |
-Skilled examiner checks: reflexes, muscle tone, alertness, cuddling is, ability to self soothe. -Items are scored individually / no total score. -Can be helpful in identifying neurological problems. * researchers have found a teaching this to parents of infants has positive effects on parent infant interaction. Because the test increases the parents awareness of all the subtle cues that baby provides. |
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Birth weight |
-Optimal weight: 6.6 to 11 lb - low birth weight: < 5.5 lb (25000 grams) - very low birth weight: < 3.3 lb (1500 grams) - extremely low birth weight: < 2.2 lb (1000 grams) Premature = before 38 weeks. Health status: low levels of responsiveness. Respiratory distress syndrome / less-developed loans ( especially if more than 6 weeks early) surfactant: allows air sacs to remain inflated. * lower birth weight has been shown to make children prone to longtime illnesses. Such as lower IQ scores. Children very in the way that they are affected. |
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Low birth weight |
Two-thirds two 3/4 develop normally. Indistinguishable from peers by school age. -Some experience difficulties in school: born prior to 27 weeks and less than 2.2 lb. Differences persist through 4th grade. May or may not result in permanent disability. -Proper care can improve development: kangaroo care/ parents are shown how to increase skin to skin contact with the infant. Babies are shown to develop and grow more rapidly. Massage therapy also emphasizes skin to skin contact. Shows infants gain weight faster and are more receptive to their environment after a few sessions of Massage. |
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Behavior in early infancy |
-Reflexes or involuntary physical response is triggered by specific stimuli. -Adaptive reflexes are essential to survive, but gradually disappear over the first year, rooting reflex automatically turn the head when but she gets wiped helps with nursing, suckling reflex, swallowing reflex. Primitive reflexes are neurologically primitive, controlled by Medulla and midbrain. Related to important leader behaviors. Explains moro/, walking/, babinski/. Linked to severvival. -Regular use of walking reflex is linked to early walking in infants.-zelazo (1972): stimulated walking reflex 2 to 8 weeks. Stimulated babies took more steps per minute. Learn to walk a month sooner. - reflexes or the starting point of many important skills. - Dynamic systems theory: many factors interact to affect development. Environmental factors ex: nutrition. |
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Behavior in early infancy / behavioral States |
Behavioral States / states of consciousness: deep sleep, lighter sleep, fussing, alert (quiet awake and active awake) - cycle repeats every 2 hours. Patterns of sleep: neonates sleep as much as 2/3rds of the day during the day and night. - 6 to 8 weeks: day and night sleep patterns emerge. Infants can sleep 4 to 6 hours. - 6 months: nighttime sleep with daytime naps. |
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Cultural beliefs on sleep patterns |
The u.s. parents are clock conscious and think that a child should sleep through the night. And some force their babies to sleep through the night. In other cultures co-sleeping occurs. They emphasized contact in interdependence. |
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Crying |
Is a signal for need to get parents attention. About 15% to 20% of babies develop colic. Intense bouts of crying three-plus hours a day. Onset is 2 weeks, and end point is 4 months. Newborns cry to to 11% of the time. Peace out 2 to 3 hours a day at 6 weeks. Pattern is consistent across cultures. Drops to 1 hour a day at 3 months. |
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Motor skills |
Motor skills emerge gradually, one month a baby can hold her chin up off the floor. Two months baby can hold head steadily well being held. Motor skills development: -cephalocaudal: means from head downward, can hold head up before sitting up or rolling over -Proximodistal: means from trunk outward, sit before crawl Repetitive perform movements: kick, Rock, wave, bounce, sway. Prominent at 6 to 7 months of age. |
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Cross-cultural differences in motor development |
Development of motor skills is not simply genetic. For example African infant precocity: after an infant's reach motor Milestones sooner than babies from other parts of the world. Possibly due to cultural practices that encourage practicing motor skills |
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Sensation and perception |
Babies are born Well Suited four interactions with environment. Perceptual skills: Focus both eyes on the same spot, 8 to 10 in away is best Focus distance. Easily hear speech sounds. Sensation: taste for basic tastes sweet, sour, bitter, salty. Identify familiar body odors. |
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Learning in early infancy |
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, schematic learning. |
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Schematic learning / habituation |
Automatic reduction in the intensity of responding to a repeated stimulus. Present at birth while developed in 10-week olds. Helps newborns to recognize slash differentiate familiar from unfamiliar experiences |
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Temperament |
-_- in their typical moods the rate of activity, rhythm preferences for social interaction, or solitude all differ and these differences are what make up temperament Thomas and chess 1977: Easy child = 40% - predictable cycles of eating / sleep. Approach novel situations positively. Difficult child = 10% - unpredictable cycles of eating / sleep. Approach novels situations vigorously and negatively. slow to warm up child = 15% -Passive resistance to novel situations, few intense reactions, positive or negative * can be shaped by environmental experiences Skilled parenting important to recognize the importance of temperament. |
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Emergence of emotional expression |
No way to know exactly what a baby feels. We can infer based on face and body expressions. Birth: interest, distress, disgust, neonatal smile 3 to 6 weeks: social smile 2 to 3 months: sadness 7 months: weariness, frustration, surprise, fear, anger, Joy |
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Health and Wellness in early infancy |
Nutrition: frequent eating 10 times per day every 2 hours. Breast milk or formula until 6 months of age. First foods single grain cereal. One new food per week. Healthcare assesses development and gives immunizations |
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Illnesses |
Diarrhea is one of the most common illnesses and infancy and risks of dehydration. Upper respiratory infections average baby has 7 colds in first year. Twice as many when in daycare but less sick later on if in daycare. Ear infections: otitis media: bacterial infection of middle ear. Chronic: lasting 6 months. Can impair language development |
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Infant mortality rate |
Us 7 out of 1,000 infants die before age 1. Majority occur within first month. Congenital anomalies or low birth weight. Sudden infant death syndrome SIDS: u.s. leading cause of death past one month. Factors that contribute to our low birth weight, male babies, African-American babies, young mothers, sleeping on stomach, smoking maternal and environmental, brain development abnormalities. |
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