Ear And Vestibulocochlear

Front 1

components of the external ear?

Back 1

-auricle or pinna

-external auditory meatus

Front 2

components of the middle ear?

Back 2

--tympanic cavity

-epitympanic recess

Front 3

components of the inner ear?

Back 3

-bony labyrinth

-membranous labyrinth

Front 4

the auricle or pinna, is the skin over a ____? it is involved in?

Back 4

skin over a core of elastic cartilage

-involved in sound localization and amplification

Front 5

the gag reflex that occurs when cleaning your ears is due to innervation from what?

Back 5

vagus n.

Front 6

the auricle gets innervation from?

Back 6

vagus n.

facial n.

lesser occipital n.

great auricular n. (C2, C3)

auriculotemporal branch of mandibular n. (V3)

Front 7

the lateral 1/3 of the external auditory meatus is__?

Back 7

cartilagenous

Front 8

the medial 2/3rd of the external auditory meatus is__?

Back 8

bone of the temporal bone

Front 9

the lateral part of the external auditory meatus is lined by skin with?

Back 9

by skin with hairs, sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands, similar to apocrine sweat glands

*NO eccrine sweat glands

-cerumen in ear wax

Front 10

___is ear wax?

Back 10

cerumen

Front 11

the external auditory meatus is mainly innervated by? some small? and minor innervation by?

Back 11

-mainly auriculotemporal n.

some small vagal branches (X) (why so ppl gag when cleaning ears)

-minor innervation by facial nerve

Front 12

the external part of the tympanic membrane is innervated by?

Back 12

auriculotemporal n.

Front 13

the outer surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated mainly by ___? the inner surface is innervated by?

Back 13

-outer: mainly by the auriculotemporal n. and small contribution by the auricular branch of the vagus n.

-inner: glossopharyngeal n.

Front 14

with otitis media, ___may indicate middle ear infection?

Back 14

bulging, red tympanic membrane

Front 15

otitis media is more common in younger children because?

Back 15

because their pharyngotympanic tubes have a narrower angle and therefore, drainage from the middle ear cavity to the pharynx is impaired

Front 16

otitis media may cause?

Back 16

perforation of the tympanic membrane

Front 17

otitis media (middle ear infection) can spread to__and cause___or even worse__?

Back 17

can spread to the menenges and cause meningitis, or even worse can cause loss of hearing

Front 18

when going in to fix otitis media, where is the incision made and why is it made here? this incision is to allow?

Back 18

-made in the posteroinferior membrane to avoid injuring the chorda tympani

-and tympanostomy tube is placed, allows drainage into external auditory meatus

Front 19

___is attached to the stapes? __is attached to the malleus?

Back 19

stapedius m. =stapes

tympani m. =malleus

Front 20

what passes between the handle of the malleus and the long limb of the incus?

Back 20

the chorda tympani n.

Front 21

the auditory tube goes to the?

Back 21

to the pharynx

Front 22

the oval window is where the ___go?

Back 22

the sound waves go

Front 23

fluid movement of sound in the ear occurs through?

Back 23

through the perilymph

Front 24

the middle ear is anteriorly connected to ___via___? and it is posteriorly connected to ___via__?

Back 24

anteriorly- connects to pharynx via the pharyngotympanic tube (eustachian tube)

posteriorly- connects to mastoid cells via the mastoid antrum

Front 25

mastoid antrum

Back 25

space where there is little trabeculae of bone, weight saving measure

Front 26

where can a middle ear infection spread posteriorly?

Back 26

to the mastoid antrum

Front 27

the ___allows room for the malleus to protrude upward?

Back 27

the epitympanic recess

Front 28

the chorda tympani lies ____to the tympanic membrane?

Back 28

lies medial to

Front 29

the middle ear has both sympathetics and parasympathetics, the parasympathetics come from?

Back 29

from the glossopharyngeal n.

Front 30

the sensory ganglion for the facial nerve?

Back 30

geniculate ganglion

Front 31

the great petrosal n. goes beneath the ___, travels along and then is joined by ___coming off of the ___? they then pass through the ___and out the outside of the skull__?

Back 31

goes beneath the semilunar ganglion, travels along, joined by the neep petrosal n. (sympathetic) from the carotid plexus

-they then pass through the foramen lacerum

-on outside of skull the ptergoid canal (vivian) and goes to pterygoid fossa

Front 32

the tensor tympani, attached to the ___? has what function?

Back 32

-attached to the handle of malleus

-tenses tympanic membrane and thereby attenuates sound

Front 33

the tensor tympani m. is innervated by?

Back 33

by the trigemenial n., mandibular division V3

Front 34

the stapedius m. is attached to__? thereby functions to?

Back 34

-attaches to the neck of the stapes

-thereby prevents excessive movement of the stapes against the oval window

Front 35

the stapedius m. is innervated by?

Back 35

by the facial n.

Front 36

in regards to the muscle attached to the ossicles, paralysis of the facial n. can cause ___?

Back 36

-can cause hyperacusis (sounds sound louder than they normally would because there is no/or little attenuation reflex)

-since it innervates the stapedius

Front 37

otits media can lead to___, which happens in children and is?

Back 37

can lead to mastoidits, an inflammation of the mastoid antrum and air cells

Front 38

mastoiditis can spread in what direction into the?

Back 38

can spread superiorly into the middle cranial cavity (which can cause bacterial meningitis)

Front 39

during ear development, at 22 days there is a?

Back 39

thickening of the surface ectoderm, the otic placode

Front 40

the otic placode invaginate to form?

Back 40

to form otic or auditory vesicle

Front 41

the otic or auditory vesicle (that formed from the invagination of the otic placode) divides into?

Back 41

into two parts:

-the ventral component- gives rise to the saccule and cochlear duct

-the dorsal component- forms the utricle, semicircular canals and endolymphatic duct

Front 42

the ventral component of the otic or auditory vesicle gives rise to?

Back 42

the saccule and cochlear duct

Front 43

the dorsal component of the otic or auditory vesicle forms the?

Back 43

the utricle, semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct

Front 44

the pharynx is ectoderm or endoderm? and it is innervated by?

Back 44

-endoderm

-glossopharyngeal n.

Front 45

the ___connects the saccular portion to the utricular portion?

Back 45

the utriculosaccular duct

Front 46

what are the three ossicles, and what are there embryonic origins?

Back 46

1. malleus (hammer)-- 1st arch cartilage/ Meckels's cartilage

2. incus (anvil)- 1st arch cartilage/ Meckels's cartilage

3. stapes (stirrup)- 2nd arch cartilage/ Reichert cartilage

Front 47

the inner ear contains two?

Back 47

two labyrinths: the bony labyrinth, and the membranous labyrinth

Front 48

the bony labyrinth is formed within?

Back 48

within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

Front 49

the bony labyrinth is made up of?

Back 49

semicircular canals

vestibule

cochlea

Front 50

the bony labyrinth contains?

Back 50

perilymph

Front 51

the membranous labyrinth is made up of?

Back 51

-cochlear duct

-saccule

-utricle

-semicircular ducts

-endolymphatic duct

Front 52

the membranous labyrinth contains?

Back 52

endolymph

Front 53

semicircular ducts reside in?

Back 53

in the semicircular canals

Front 54

the otic placode forms form?

Back 54

ectoderm

Front 55

the otic placode invaginated into?

Back 55

into underlying mesenchyme

Front 56

the otic vesicle is formed by?

Back 56

the invangination of the otic placode into the underlying mesenchyme

Front 57

the otic vesicle divides into __?

Back 57

utricle and saccule of membranous labyrinth

Front 58

the ___give rise to semicircular ducts?

Back 58

the utricle

Front 59

the ___give rise to the cochlear duct?

Back 59

the saccule

Front 60

the vestibular apparatus detects?

Back 60

head position (linear acceleration) and head movement (angular acceleration)

Front 61

the vestibular apparatus serves to?

Back 61

-to orient us in 3-dimensional space

-serves as a gyroscopic stabilizer for the visual system

Front 62

__are the sensory cells of the vestibular apparatus?

Back 62

vestibular hair cells

Front 63

the vestibular hair cells have what surface specializiations?

Back 63

ONE type of cilium and a bunch of stereocillia

Front 64

kinocilium is a ___?

Back 64

non mobile cilium, that detects movement

Front 65

gravity and linear acceleration (head position) are detected by?

Back 65

by specialized regions of neuroepithelial cells called maculae

Front 66

maculae are located in?

Back 66

in the utricle and saccule

Front 67

the macula of the utricle is positioned?

Back 67

on its floor

Front 68

the macula of the saccule is positioned on?

Back 68

on its lateral wall

Front 69

the maculae of the utricle and the maculae of the saccule are oriented ___to one another?

Back 69

perpendicular (right angles)

Front 70

hair cells have the maculae have __cilium and an average of __stereocilia?

Back 70

have one cilium and an average of 60 long stereocilia

Front 71

the surface specializations of the maculae are embedded?

Back 71

in a gelatinous matrix

Front 72

embedded within the surface of the matrix (that the surface specializations of the maculae are embedded in) are?

Back 72

calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths

Front 73

function of ortoliths?

Back 73

gravity causes the weight of the otoliths to distort the gelatinous matrix and thereby causes the receptor cells to fire

Front 74

the semicircular canals are set at ___to each other and are oriented in?

Back 74

set at right angles to each other and are oriented in three different planes

Front 75

the semicircular canals have specialized dilations, the ____, which contain a ridge of ___?

Back 75

the ampullae, which contain a ridge of neuroeptihelial cells (hair cells) called the crista ampullaris

Front 76

the cilia and stereocilia of the neuroepithelial cells (hair cells) of the ampullae, have their cilia and stereo cilia embedded in a ___which ___?

Back 76

in a gelatinious matrix which forms a conical structure called the cupula

Front 77

the semicircular canals are responsible for?

Back 77

for detecting head movements (angular acceleration)

Front 78

the vestibular system plays an essential role in controlling?

Back 78

eye movements ; nystagmus

Front 79

how are the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem and the oculomotor nuclei (cranial nerve nuclei VI, IV, and III) connected?

Back 79

by a pathway, the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

Front 80

what is nystagmus?

Back 80

-how the vestibular system plays an essential role in controlling eye movement

-if you fixate on an object moving past, such as a road sign as you drive by, your eyes will follow the sign at the same velocity as the sign moves relative to your head; they will then snap back to fixate on a new object

Front 81

where do the 4 vestibular nuclei sit?

Back 81

lateral to the 4th ventricle

Front 82

damage to ___can cause pathological nystagmus?

Back 82

damage to the vestibular system or its connections with the cerebellum

Front 83

alcohol and other intoxicants can cause pathologic __?

Back 83

nystagmus

Front 84

in vestibular nystagmus, the eyes move ___then__?

Back 84

move slowly toward the side of damage and then rapidly snap back

Front 85

what is meniere's disease?

Back 85

-recurrent attacks of vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing in ears)

-attacks may last for a few moments to a number of hours

-may be accompanied by nystagmus

-consistent feature is endolymphatic hydrops (an increase in the volume of endolymph)

Front 86

a consistent feature of meniere's disease is?

Back 86

is endolymphatic hydrops, an increase in the volume of endolymph

Front 87

meniere's disease is most common in?

Back 87

4th and 5th decade

Front 88

the auditory apparatus does what?

Back 88

captures and conducts sound

Front 89

the middle ear ossicles of the auditory apparatus do what?

Back 89

convert sound waves to fluid waves

Front 90

in the auditory apparatus, fluid waves travel through?

Back 90

perilymph

Front 91

in the auditory apparatus, perilymph is not ___and so__?

Back 91

is not compressible and so transmits wave with relative fidelity

Front 92

the cochlea is what shape, and makes how many turns over a distance of?

Back 92

spiral, 2.5 turns over a distance of 35mm

Front 93

the central core of the spiral of the cochlea is?

Back 93

is a bony structure the modiolus

Front 94

what does the modiolus of the cochlea contain?

Back 94

contains the spiral ganglion and the acoustic portion of the vestibulococchlear nerve (CN VIII)

Front 95

suspended within the bony cochlea is the?

Back 95

the membranous cochlear duct or scala media

Front 96

the cochlear duct or scala media contains?

Back 96

endolymph and is surrounded by perilymph

?

Front 97

the human cochlea is 2.5 turns and would be how long if it were uncoiled?

Back 97

35 mm long

Front 98

what happens at the round window of the cochlea?

Back 98

where the perilymph pressure is relieved

Front 99

the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani contain __and are part of the?

Back 99

contain perilymph , and are part of the bony labyrinth

Front 100

___is the sensory portion of the vestibular n.?

Back 100

spiral ganglia

?

Front 101

a fluid wave travels through the cochlea from ___to__?

Back 101

from base to apex

Front 102

the cochlea is divided into what three spaces and arrangement?

Back 102

1. scala vestibuli (above the cochlear duct)

2.scala media= cochlear duct

3. scala tympani (below the cochlear duct)

Front 103

the scale media (cochlear duct) contains ___and is part of?

Back 103

contains endolymph and is part of the membranous labyrinth

Front 104

___is the only vascularized epithelium in the human body that is not part of a blood vessel? what does it do?

Back 104

stria vascularis; produced endolymph

Front 105

how are the hair cells in the organ of corti?

Back 105

-outer hair cells--three rows (each has a W-shpaed array of stereocilia)

-inner hair cells-- one row (50-60 stereocillia arranged in a V-shape)

Front 106

the hair cells of the organ of corti have no?

Back 106

no kinocilia (the auditory component doesn't, but the vestibular component does)

Front 107

how do different sounds affect the organ of corti?

Back 107

high frequency sounds affect the base, low frequency sounds affect the apex

Front 108

the hair cells of the organ of corti can not?

Back 108

cannot regenerate

Front 109

how does the organ of corti function?

Back 109

-tonotopic deflection of basilar membrane causes it to move relative to the tectorial membrane

-pillar cells are stiff b/c of their high content of microtubules and they act as a fulcrum for the movement of tectorial membrane

-stereocillia of outer and inner hair cells undergo sheer stresses that cause them to depolarize

Front 110

tonotopic deflection of ___causes it to move relative to ____? (in the organ of corti)

Back 110

deflection of basilar membrane causes it to move relative to the tectorial membrane

Front 111

the pillar cells of the organ of corti are ___because ___? they act as?

Back 111

-are stiff because of their high content of microtubules

-act as a fulcrum for the movement of tectorial membrane

Front 112

the stereocillia of the the outer and inner hair cells of the organ of corti, which are embedded in ___, undergo ___that causes ___?

Back 112

embedded in the tectorial membrane undergo sheer stresses that cause them to depolarize

Front 113

the tectorial membrane-gelatinous membrane, moves back and forth over ___and transmits the sound?

Back 113

over the pillar cells of the organ of corti

?

Front 114

hearing loss caused by constant exposure to loud sounds?

Back 114

-constant exposure to loud sounds at specific frequencies can damage hair cells that detect those frequencies

-hair cells in humans do not regenerate

Front 115

hear loss caused by nerve damage?

Back 115

vestibulocochlear nerve may be injured at its entrance into the brainstem by a Schwann cell tumor, schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)

-MAY involve facial nerve and thereby cause a facial palsy

Front 116

what nerves innervate the inner and outer surfaces of the tympanic membrane?

Back 116

-outer-- auriculotemporal and auricular branch of X

-inner-- glossopharyngeal

Front 117

what nerve must be avoided when making an incision into the tympanic membrane and placing the tympanostomy tube?

Back 117

the chorda tympani

Front 118

the the chorda tympani n. was damaged, what deficits would it cause?

Back 118

loss of taste from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue, and loss of salivation from the submandicular and sublingual glands