Ear And Hearing Loss

Front 1

Frequency in cycles per second (Hz)

Back 1

Pitch

Front 2

sound level in decibels (dB)

Back 2

Loudness

Front 3

onset, offset, duration, gaps

Back 3

Timing

Front 4

range of human hearing

Back 4

20 to 20,000 Hz

Front 5

How do we measure hearing sensitivity?

Back 5

Behavioral audiograms are used in audiology to measure sensitivity or threshold to the speech range of frequencies in comparison to normal subject.

Front 6

function of the outer ear

Back 6

collection and amplification

Front 7

function of the middle ear

Back 7

transfers movement of ear drum to the oval window

Front 8

what is the middle ear reflex?

Back 8

bilateral reflexes are activated by sounds that are loud, long, low frequency

Front 9

what three things activate the middle ear reflex?

Back 9

loud
long
low frequency

Front 10

what are the functions of the middle ear reflex?

Back 10

protection
dynamic tuning- adjusts conduction to a different frequency
attinuates sound of own voice so that it doesn't drown everything else out

Front 11

The tympanic membrane is attached at its circumference to a thick fibrous ring called the:

Back 11

annulus fibrosa

Front 12

The _____is the central attachment of the tympanic membrane to the malleus. 

Back 12

umbo

Front 13

the cone of light extends in what direction?

Back 13

downwards and forwards

Front 14

what are three causes of conductive hearing loss?

Back 14

otitis media with effusion
obstruction
otosclerosis

Front 15

the fuction of the inner ear?

Back 15

transduction of mechanical energy to electrical neural activity

Front 16

the osseous part of the cochlea is filled with:

Back 16

perilymph

Front 17

the membranous part of the labyrinth is filled with:

Back 17

endolymph

Front 18

how many turns are in the cochlea?

Back 18

2.5

Front 19

the name of the nervous structure in the cochlea:

Back 19

spiral ganglion and auditory nerve

Front 20

The _____ ________is located between the middle ear cavity and the vestibule near the base of the upper chamber

Back 20

oval window

Front 21

the base of the lower chamber ends at the _____ _______facing the tympanic cavity. As pressure is applied to the oval window fluid waves are created that travel to the round window causing it to bulge.

Back 21

round window

Front 22

what is the function of the cochlea?

Back 22

signal transduction

Front 23

Upper part of ossius part is the:

Back 23

scala vestibuli

Front 24

The lower part of the ossius part is the:

Back 24

scala tympani

Front 25

The middle part of the cochlea is the:

Back 25

scala media or the cochlear duct

Front 26

the type of hair cells that are in a single row

Back 26

inner

Front 27

the type of hair cells that are in three rows

Back 27

outer

Front 28

the upper and middle chambers of the cochlea are sperated by the

Back 28

Reissner's membrane

Front 29

The middle and lower chambers of the cochlea are seperated by the

Back 29

Basilar membrane

Front 30

From the limbus or inner edge of the cochlear duct, a gelatinous structure, the _________ _________is suspended over the epithelia of the organ of Corti.

Back 30

tectorial membrane

Front 31

The ____ _____ _____ are goblet-shape and have several straight rows of stereocilia on their apical surface. Each successive row of stereocilia is shorter than the preceding row. The hair bundle is always polarized such that the tallest row is positioned on the side of the apical surface corresponding to the outer wall of cochlear duct.

Back 31

inner hair cells (IHC)

Front 32

The _____ _____ _____ are tube-shaped and have several rows of stereocilia arranged like geese in V (or W) formation. Again, the hair bundle of each cell is polarized with the tallest row on the outer side.

Back 32

outer hair cells (OHC)

Front 33

a specialized vascular area of the lateral (outer) wall of the cochlear duct that maintains the fluid content of the membranous labyrinth.

Back 33

stria vascularis

Front 34

high frequency sounds end in the

Back 34

base

Front 35

low frequency sounds end in the

Back 35

apex

Front 36

name the two main causes of sensoryneural hearing loss

Back 36

hair cell loss and nerve damage

Front 37

name the causes of hair cell loss

Back 37

ototoxic drugs- some antibiotics
noise trauma
aging

Front 38

name the causes of nerve damage to the auditory nerve

Back 38

acoustic neuroma

Front 39

what is a positive Rinne test indicitive of?

Back 39

air conduction is greater than bone conduction

either normal or sensoryneural loss if known hearing deficit

Front 40

what is a negative Rinne test indicitive of?

Back 40

conductive hearing loss

Front 41

if the sound lateralizes to the ear without the hearing problem in the Weber test what type of hearing loss is present, if any?

Back 41

sensoryneural loss

Front 42

what is the normal response of the weber test?

Back 42

can hear the sound in both ears

Front 43

What lesions can cause hearing loss in just one ear?

Back 43

just one ear.

Damage anywhere above the medulla won’t give hearing loss in just one ear because of the crossing of fibers to both sides.

Front 44

List the nuclei sound travels in the nervous system starting with IHC and ending in the cortex:

Back 44

IHC
Spiral ganglion (Type I cells)
Cochlear nucleus
Superior olivary nucleus
Nuclei of lateral lemniscus
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus
Primary auditory cortex
Association areas of auditory cortex

Front 45

List the pathways sound travels in the nervous system starting with IHC and ending in the cortex:

Back 45

Auditory nerve (spiral ganglion cell axons ending in the cochlear nucleus on same side)
Trapezoid body (axons that cross from the cochlear nucleus on one side projecting to the superior olivary nucleus on the other side)
Lateral lemniscus (axons from the cochlear nucleus and the superior olivary nucleus projecting to the inferior colliculus-these may be crossed or uncrossed.
Brachium of the inferior colliculus (axons from the inferior colliculus projecting to the medial geniculate nucleus)
Auditory radiations (axons from the medial geniculate nucleus projecting to the primary auditory cortex)
Arcuate bundle (axons connecting

Front 46

auditory connections are made in _____________ order

Back 46

tonotopic

Front 47

Where is the cochlear nucleus located?

Back 47

The cochlear nucleus is draped over the inferior cerebellar peduncle at the pontomedullary junction

Front 48

The major input to the superior olivary nuclei is from the:

Back 48

cochlear nuclei bilaterally

Front 49

The _______ _______ _______ is the first level of binaural computation needed for accurate sound localization

Back 49

superior olivary complex

Front 50

What is the name of the efferent system that modulates the IHC and OHC and where do the neurons come from?

Back 50

Olivocochlear efferent system
and
arises from clusters of neurons surrounding the primary nuclei of the superior olivary complex.

Front 51

Cells from the superior olive travel via the lateral lemniscus to the _______ which intergrates auditory information from multiple sources before projecting to the medial geniculate nucleus (majorly ipsilaterally but some travel contralaterally)

Back 51

inferior colliculus

Front 52

Damage to the medial geniculate nucleus may result in:

Back 52

aphasia or other auditory processing disorders

Front 53

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Back 53

in two or three transverse (Heschl’s) gyri on the superior surface of the temporal lobe hidden in the lateral Sylvian fissure.

Front 54

What Brodmann area is the primary auditory cortex?

Back 54

41

Front 55

What are the secondary speech related cortical areas?

Back 55

Secondary speech related cortical areas include Wernicke’s sensory speech area (22) and Broca’s motor speech area (44,45). Your text defines this as Brodmann’s area 22 in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus. Wernicke’s sensory speech area often is considered to extend to the angular and superior marginal gyri (areas 39 and 40, respectively) of the inferior parietal lobule.

Front 56

What connects the primary and secondary auditory cortical areas?

Back 56

arcuate fasiculus

Front 57

tinnitus may result from damage to the:

Back 57

cochlea

Front 58

Auditory aphasia is a component of ______ aphasia

Back 58

Wernicke

Front 59

Speech patters are altered in _____ aphasia

Back 59

Broca