Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
TRANSDUCER |
Changes energy from one form to another
|
|
|
TESTING THE ACOUSTIC REFLEX
|
Brain hears the sound Brain sends it down to the 7th Cranial Nerve Muscle contracts telling the nerve pathways are clear |
|
|
FUNCTION OF THE OSSICLES |
|
|
|
TYMPANIC CAVITY |
|
|
|
-FUNCTION |
Tensor Tympani Funtion: Protection |
|
|
CONE OF LIGHT UMBO MANUBRIUM |
What you see through the speculum of the Otoscope The end of the Malleus The handle of the Malleus |
|
|
DERMATITIS |
Redness, Swelling on the Auditory Canal skin |
|
|
CONGENITAL MALFORMATION
|
Microsia |
|
|
LANDMARKS OF THE PINNA |
Antihelix Tragus Antitragus Triangular Fossa Concha Crus Auditory External Cana Lobe |
|
|
-size |
-1/4 inch to 1 3/8 inch 1/4 inch diameter |
|
|
OTITIS EXTERNA
|
Red Inflamed Swollen |
|
|
CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS
|
Breakdown or obstruction of some part of the external or middle ear |
|
|
MANIER'S DISEASE |
Tinnitus HL Pressure in ear Affects balance senses |
|
|
DEGREE |
Moderate Severe Profound |
|
|
|
after healed, its only one layer of skin |
|
|
EAR CANAL CONTAINS |
Cerumenous Glands Sebacious Glands |
|
|
ENLARGED CANAL
|
|
|
|
OTOLARYNGOLOGIST
|
|
|
|
FENESTRATION |
Tiny window made on the bony wall |
|
|
MECHANICAL ENERGY |
The movement of the TM and the Ossicles |
|
|
|
A pouch of skin formed by a retracted ED A tumor forms |
|
|
OTITIS MEDIA SUPPURATIVE
|
Fluid is present and is infectious -pus -pain -perforation |
|
|
-TYMPANOMETRY -TYMPANOGRAMS |
-3 basic types -2 sub types |
|
|
EUSTACHIAN TUBE FUNCTION |
Equalize of air pressure |
|
|
OTOSCLEROSIS AND OSSICULAR FIXATION |
Hearing bones of ligaments harden, fuse together Cannot conduct sound normally (stapedectomy) |
|
|
OVAL WINDOW |
Opening of the bone b/w the middle ear and the inner ear |
|
|
DISARTICULATION |
Disruption or disconnection Causes a decrease in the passage of both high and low frequencies |
|
|
HYDRAULIC ENERGY |
The movement of fluids within the inner ear |
|
|
BAROTRAUMA |
(scuba diving, airplane) |
|
|
SOUND TRANSMISSION |
Mechanical Hydraulic Electro-Chemical |
|
|
MIDDLE EAR EFFUSION |
may cause fluid build up behind the ED |
|
|
QUADRANTS OF THE EAR DRUM |
Posterior Inferior Anterior |
|
|
CONFIGURATION |
Sloping Sharply Sloping Reverse |
|
|
VAGUS NERVE |
(may cause Arnolds Reflex) |
|
|
PERFORATED TM |
Hole on TM Caused by trauma, infections |
|
|
BONY EXOSTOSIS
|
Associated with swimming in cold water A bony modular appearance of the external ear canal |
|
|
PE TUBE |
Bobbin-like device placed in the TM to ventilate or drain |
|
|
PINNA
|
Collector of Acoustic Energy |
|
|
3 LAYERS OF TM
|
Fibrous Layer Mucous Membrane |
|
|
PRESBYCOUSIS |
Causes damage or death to hair cells |
|
|
SENSORINEURAL LOSS |
Caused by damage or disorder of the Inner Ear |
|
|
OSSICULAR CHAIN |
Incus Stapes |
|
|
causes... |
Conductive loss |
|
|
POLYP |
Pieces of cartilage will grow |
|
|
SEMICIRCULAR CANAL |
Comprises the cochlea |
|
|
ANNULUS
|
Forms a watertight and airtight seal b/w the external and middle ear |
|
|
TRANSFORMER
|
Causes an increase in sound pressure to occur
|
|
|
TYMPANOSCLEROSIS |
White, chalky calcium deposits caused be degeneration of the tissue
|
|
|
EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS |
size approx. 1 inch to 1 3/8 inch, 1/4in diameter |
|
|
ISTHMUS |
When canal becomes narrow |
|
|
MIXED HEARING LOSS |
Combination of more than one loss, usually Conductive and Sensorineural |
|
|
MYRINGOPLASTY |
Procedure done to put PE tube in ED
|
|
|
EAR CANAL RESONANCE |
Average resonant freq. 2700 Hz |
|
|
SEMI OCCLUDED UNOCCLUDED |
Partly open ear mold Open ear mold |
|
|
COCHLEA |
Where the inner ear begins |
|
|
TRANSFORMER EFFECT
|
Middle ear bones help increase sound pressure |
|
|
NASOPHARYNX |
The area behind the nose
|
|
|
ACOUSTIC REFLEX |
Natures own protection system against damage from loud sounds |
|
|
NON-SUPPURATIVE |
Fluid present, but not infected |
|
|
MASTOIDECTAMY |
Involves opening up the bone in back of Pinna |
|
|
PATENT
|
Allows air to travel: from outside to the middle ear from middle ear to the outside |
|
|
THE TRANSFORMER RATIO |
|
|
|
Function |
Impedance Matching (causes signals to be the same on both ends of the ossicular chain) |
|
|
CENTRAL HEARING LOSS
|
Innability of brain to process, recognize or understand sounds of speech |
|
|
PROLAPSED OR COLLAPSED CANAL
|
Associated with aging |
|
|
TYPE |
Sensorineural Mixed |
|
|
OTOSCLEROSIS |
Disease of bone tissue Stapes footplate becomes fixated or immobile |
|
|
ROUND WINDOW |
A membrane covered opening in the bone, separating the middle ear Flexes in response to movement of the Oval Window to maintain equal pressure throughout the cochlea |
|
|
CENTRAL DEAFNESS 7 |
2. syphilis 3. arteriosclerosis 4. multiple sclerosis 5. rh incompatibility 6. cerebral vascular accidents 7. lack of oxygen |
|
|
LABYRINTHITIS is ? invades? |
Invades through the round window, mastoid or meninges |
|
|
ROUND WINDOW FISTULA |
Increase in perilymph pressures |
|
|
OVAL WINDOW FISTULA |
Loss of perilymph fluid |
|
|
MENIER'S SYNDROME |
Excess of endolymph fluid SNHL disorder of entire inner ear Symptoms: vertigo, tinnitus, HL |
|
|
4 Types |
2. Central 3. Metabolic 4. Mechanical |
|
|
ACOUSTIC TRAUMA |
SNHL from loud noises Inner Ear traumatized Degeneration of Organ of Corti |
|
|
RECRUITMENT |
SN cochlear losses Small increases in sound = loudness |
|
|
MODERATE SNHL
|
doesn't hear voice through the bone conduction |
|
|
hard time hearing? |
Noises, doorbell, phone ringing, car signals |
|
|
form? Necessary? |
Necessary for the hair cell function |
|
|
EFFERENT FIBERS |
Cochlea to the brain Brain to cochlea |
|
|
-neurons? formed by? |
30,000 neurons 95% inner, 5% outer Formed by the Cochlear Nerve and the Vestibular Nerve, 8th Cranial Nerve |
|
|
HAIR CELLS Cochlea, #? Rows, #? dB? |
4 rows 3500 inner hair cells 1200 outer hair cells 35dB more sensitive on outer hair cells |
|
|
VOLLEY THEORY |
Fibers accomplish the desired rate in combination w/ each other |
|
|
NEURONS how many? percentage? |
30,000 in Auditory Nerve 95% connected to inner hair cells 5% connected to outer hair cells |
|
|
O. A. E |
Acoustic the cochlea Emissions |
|
|
contains... known as... |
The "transducer" of the inner ear |
|
|
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
|
Separates the Scala Tympani and the Scala Vestibuli |
|
|
BASILAR MEMBRANE |
(35mm when uncoiled) |
|
|
REISNER'S MEMBRANE |
Separates the Scala Vestibuli and the Scala Media |
|
|
CUPOLA |
The domed end of the scala media
|
|
|
HELICOTREMA |
Where the Scala Vestibuli and the Scala Tympani meet
|
|
|
sections tubes |
Osseus Spiral Lamina Spiral Ligament Tubes: Scala Tympani Scala Vestibuli Scala Media |
|
|
2 MEMBRANOUS SACS |
Utricle (top), Saccule (bottom) |
|
|
VESTIBULE |
Tiny space inside the oval window behind the stapes footplate |
|
|
unite... |
Posterior Unite entering the vestibule Lateral |
|
|
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
|
Attaches to the supporting cells at the inner side only and is suspended over the hair cells |
|
|
VIBRATIONS
|
- Base of hair cells--> shearing action - Shearing action --> Nerve impulses - Nerve impulses --> Electrical energy |
|
|
PLACE THEORY
|
Says there's a specific place to the cochlea Pitch frequency The frequency seems to fire at various frequency-specific places across the hair cell. |
|
|
TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION |
The pathways to the brain and the temporal lobe |
|
|
TEMPORAL THEORY |
Above 1000 Hz, nerve fibers fire in volleys Also includes the maximum amplitude of the wave on the Basilar Membrane for resonance |
|
|
LOUDNESS OF SOUND |
Appears to relate to the number of nerve fibers that are stimulated and to the rate of stimulation |
|
|
TUNING FREQUENCY who has it? |
Discharges more easily at that frequency than other |
|
|
SPIRAL GANGLION |
Nerve impulses travel along nerve fibers |
|
|
? |
Base: High Frequency- 20000-1500 Hz Mid: Intermediate Frequency- 1500- 600 Hz Apex: Low Frequency- 600- 200 Hz |
|
|
SYNAPSES or SYNAPTIC JUNCTIONS |
Nerve fibers transfer their electrical current from one of the nerve fibers to another by chemical transmitters |
|
|
FAR-EAR EFFECT
|
(listen with one ear only) |
|
|
BINAURAL SQUELCH EFFECT |
the signal to noise ratio improves bc of binaural squelch, but cannot occur if the ears are not balanced |
|
|
BINAURAL FUSION
|
Present low freq information to one ear and high freq information to the other ear slightly delayed |
|
|
BINAURAL SUMMATION |
The apparent loudness of a sound increases 6 to 10 dB when both ears hear together Binaural thresholds are lower than either ear alone |
|
|
BINAURAL LOZALIZATION
|
Ability to pinpoint the source of a sound using different loudness and in time of arrival of a sound b/w the two ears |
|
|
GANGLION & NUCLEI |
Collections of nerve fibers in the cochlea are ganglia. When they leave the cochlea and become part of the Central Nervous System, they are nuclei |
|
|
MOVEMENT OF FLUID
|
-The fluid motion determines how the hair cells on this membrane respond, and to what frequency they respond |
|
|
(BALANCE SYSTEM) SENSE OF BALANCE how |
The motion of the fluid in the semi-circular canals stimulates the hair cells at their bases, giving us our sense of balance The fluid on the canals flows past these receptors and sends a message to the brain about where the head is located brain reacts by telling the muscles to adjust to maintain balance |
|
|
(BALANCE SYSTEM) CRISTAE AMPULLARES SENSORS |
When the rock-like material moves back and forth across the nerve endings, we sense the forward and backward tilting motion of the head |
|
|
OCTAVE
|
When the higher frequency is double the lower frequency. EX: 250Hz+250Hz= 500Hz 500Hz+500Hz= 1000Hz |
|
|
NOISE INDUCED LOSS
|
'V' notch at 3000, 4000 or 6000Hz |
|
|
SENSATION LEVEL
|
Patient threshold: 20dBHL Sensation Level: 20dBSL (40-20=20) |
|
|
3 KINDS OF dB
|
SPL SL |
|
|
SPL (SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL) |
Compares this level (ex 25dB) to where the best human ears can hear |
|
|
SL (SENSATION LEVEL)
|
The amount of sound above the threshold of the patient |
|
|
INTERAURAL ATTENUATION
|
(reduction in intensity... A/C- 40dB, B/C- 10dB) |
|
|
CROSS OVER |
When you present a tone to the test ear, but the non-test ear hears the sound first |
|
|
OCCLUSION EFFECT |
The natural increase in the loudness of a tone by bone conduction when a blockage is present. |
|
|
AUDITORY FATIGUE |
Any temporary threshold shift |
|
|
TONE DECAY TEST |
Designed to measure the auditory fatigue of the 8th Nerve |
|
|
PURE TONE AIR CONDUCTION |
Transmits the sound throughout the OUTER to MIDDLE to STAPES FOOTPLATE to FLUID FILLED COCHLEA |
|
|
BONE CONDUCTION TEST |
Tests the cochlea directly |
|
|
MASKING PURE TONES USES: |
Narrow Band Noise |
|
|
CONDUCTIVE LOSSES RESPOND BETTER IN THE... |
Lower Frequencies |
|
|
SNHL HAVE BETTER HEARING IN THE... |
Lower frequencies that the highs (makes testing the higher freq more difficult) |
|
|
TYMPANOGRAM |
Identifies a measure of dynamic compliance of the TM, and reflects the algebraic sum of the factors influencing middle ear performance |
|
|
TYMPANOGRAM: RANGE |
Positive +200mm H20 Negative -200mm H20 Neither 0mm H20 |
|
|
TYMPANOGRAM: POSITIVE RANGE |
It causes TM to be moved the max distance from the probe tip, which stiffens, it reflects acoustic energy introduced to it back out toward the probe |
|
|
TYMPANOGRAM: NEITHER RANGE |
The TM is free to move, unfettered. Its "normal" allows the max passage of acoustic energy through |
|
|
TYMPANOGRAM: NEGATIVE |
The TM is being pulled out into the cochlea and again becomes stiffened by the combination of the shape and resistance of TN. It reflects acoustic energy introduced it back out toward the probe |
|
|
TYPE A |
Normal Requires intact TM Function of the eustachian tube is within the range of normal limits High Peak |
|
|
TYPE As |
Shallow Almost "normal" Transfer of energy through the system is somewhat impeded by an increased "stiffness" -Ossicular Fixation -Tympanosclerosis |
|
|
TYPE Ad |
"deep" Requires intact TM and normal eustachian tube function Resistance to the flow of energy is smaller than normal through the system -Ossicular discontinuity -Monomeric Spot produces a weak spot -Abuse, blow to the ear |
|
|
TYPE B |
Obstruction in the canal Perforation of the TM Middle ear fluid Misplaced probe can cause a false Type B Normal canal volume Conductive and Mixed Losses |
|
|
TYPE C |
Requires intact TM There is substantial negative pressure in the middle ear space-- Retracted TM "Hollow" "Fullness" "Pressure" Decreased hearing Can become a Type B Requires medical referral |
|
|
INHERITED CONDITIONS CAUSE: |
Congenital Hearing Loss |
|
|
FAMILIARIZE PATIENTS WITH WHICH WORD TEST BEFORE TESTING: |
SRT |
|
|
WHITE NOISE |
Contains equal amounts of energy in all frequencies Effective for Pure Tone Testing and Speech Testing |
