Ear

Front 1

1. Term for the fleshy/cartilaginous part of the ear around the auditory meatus?
2. Fxn?
3. What is the slope for the external acoustic canal?

Back 1

1. Auricle (pinna)
2. Funnels sound to the meatus
3. anteromedial

Front 2

1. What is the outer floppy ridge of the ear?
2. What is the inner ridge?
3. What is the bump above the ear lobe?
4. What is the floppy inferior portion
5. What is the Anterior part of the ear that can fold over the meatus?

Back 2

1. Helix
2. Antihelix
3. Antitragus
4. lobule
5. Tragus

Front 3

1. What type of epithelium lines the external accoustic meatus?
2. What is the support fo lateral 1/3 of the meatus composed of?
3. What is the support for the medial 2/3?

Back 3

1. Stratefied squamous epithelium
2. Cartilage that is continuous with the cartilage of the pinna
3. Bone (temporal)

Front 4

1. What type of gland secretes earwax?
2. What is the innervation for a ring just inside the helix of the ear?
3. What n innervates the posterior half of the pinna?
4. What n innervates the anterior half of the ear
5. What n innervates from the area just around the external meatus to the TM
6. Innervation on inner surface of TM?

Back 4

1. Ceruminous gland - modified sweat gland
2. Vagus n X
3. Lesser occipital... lobe by the great auricular n
4. Auriculotemporal V3
5. Auricular branch of Vagus X
6. Tympanic branch of Glossopharyngeal IX

Front 5

1. What is the division between the inner and middle ear?
2. What is the slope of this structure?
3. What ear bone attaches to it?

Back 5

1. TM
2. Inferomedial
3. Manubrium of malleus

Front 6

TM:
1. What is the smaller superior triangle?
2. What is the remainder?

Back 6

1. Pars Flaccida
2. Pars Tensa

Front 7

What are the 3 layers of the TM?

Back 7

1. outer layer of stratefied squamous epith
2. Central core of radially and circularly arranged collagen fibers
3. Inner layer of simple squamous epithelium with CT support of mucous membrane continuous from the lining of the middle ear

Front 8

1. What space contains the auditory ossicles?
2. What is the space continuous with anteriorly?
3. Posteriorly?

Back 8

1. Middle ear
2. Pharyngotympanic (auditory/ estuation) tube
3. Mastoid air cells of temporal bone

Front 9

1. What are the 3 auditory ossicles?
2. What is their collective fxn?

Back 9

1. Malleus, Incus, Stapes
2. Conduct sound impulses from tympanic membrane to inner ear

Front 10

Describe the orientation of the auditory ossicles?

Back 10

Tympanic membrane -> Malleus -> Incus -> stapes -> oval window

Front 11

1. What are the 2 auditory m of the inner ear, action, n?
2. What is the fxn of these 2 m?
3. Skeletal or smooth m?

Back 11

1. Tensor tympani - alter tension on tympanic membrane - CN V3
Stapedius- alters position of stapes on oval window CN VII
2. Protect against loud noises
3. Skeletal

Front 12

1. How do the stapedius and tensor tympani protect the inner ear from excessive noises?

Back 12

Via the attenuation reflex- dampen movements of the ossicles...contraction of both m makes the ossicles more rigid thereby reducing sound translated to the inner ear

Front 13

1. What is the epithelial lining of the Auditory (Eustachian/ pharyngotympanic) tube?
2. What does it connect?

Back 13

1. ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
2. Nasopharynx with middle ear

Front 14

1. What is the roof of the tympanic cavity?
2. What is the superior portion of the cavity that contains the ossicles?
3. What does the floor separate the cavity from anteriorly? posteriorly?

Back 14

1. Tegmen tympani- separates the middle ear from middle cranial fossa
2. Epitympanic recess
3. Ant: Carotid canal Post: jugular fossa

Front 15

1. What wall of the cavity does the pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube enter the middle ear?
2. What other foramen and canal are located here?

Back 15

1. Anterior wall
2. Canal for tensor tympani m
3. Foramen for chorda tympani n (exits through this wall)

Front 16

Posterior wall of tympanic cavity:
1. Pathway to mastoid air cells?
2. Canal for what n?
3. What m enters through here?

Back 16

1. Auditus -> mastoid antrum -> mastoid air cells
2. Chorda tympani n, enters through here
3. Stapedius m enters

Front 17

What is the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity composed of?

Back 17

Tympanic membrane

Front 18

ON the medial wall of the tympanic cavity:
1. What is a prominence formed by basal coil of cochlea
2. hole that receives the stapes?
3. Hole that allows lingering sound to leave
4. group of n on top of the promontory
Has prominences for facial n & Lateral semicircular canal

Back 18

1. Promontory
2. Oval window (fenestrae vestibuli)
3. Round window (Fenestrae cochlea)
4. Tympanic plexus

Front 19

Detail the direct route from nasopharynx to mastoid:

Back 19

nasopharynx -> eustachian tube -> middle ear -> Auditus -> mastoid antrum -> mastoid air cells

Front 20

1. What are the 2 muscles in the tympanic cavity, what do they attach to, what is the innervation, and action

Back 20

1. Tensor tympani, attaches to malleus, V3, tenses TM
2. Stapesius, Stapes, VII, prevents excessive movement

Front 21

What bones does the chorda tympani pass between in the middle ear?

Back 21

Malleus and the incus

Front 22

What n make up the tympanic plexus on the promontory (from basal coil of the cochlea)

Back 22

1. Sympathetic fibers from the internal carotid plexus
2. Tympanic branch of IX to supply parasympathetic fibers (lesser petrosal) to the parotid gland through the otic ganglion and sensory fibers from mucous membranes of the tympanic cavity, auditory tube,and mastoid air cells

Front 23

1. What portion of the temporal bone is the inner in?
2. The compact bone surrounding the canals cavities forms what?
3. What are these cavities and canals filled with? Make up of this fluid?

Back 23

1. Osseous
2. Bony labyrinth
3. Perilymph- High sodium, low potassium - extracellular fluid like

Front 24

1. What is the series of fluid filled membranous structures?
2. What is it filled with?
3. Make up of the fluid?

Back 24

1. Membranous labyrinth
2. endolymph
3. Rich in potassium and low in sodium - intracellular-like

Front 25

What two components are the bony and membranous labyrinths divided into? - their fxn

Innervation for both?

Back 25

Vestibular labyrinth - equilibrium
Cochlear labyrinth - hearing

Vestibulocochlear n VIII

Front 26

1. Which labyrinth consists of the semicircular canals, the utricle, sacule?
2. What is the vestibule?
3. What occupies sagittal, frotnal and horizontal planes and is sensitive to angular acceleration of the head?
4. What does (3) contain?

Back 26

1. Vestibular labrynth
2. Oval window
3. Semicircular canals
4. Cristae ampullaris- thickened epithelial ridge oriented perpendicular to long axis of ducts; contains neuroepithelial (hair) cells with kinocilium & stereocilia embedded in a cupula surrounded by endolymph

Front 27

1. What is a recess in the vestibule that is oriented horizontally
2. Recess """ vertically?
3. fxn of both?

Back 27

1. Utricle
2. Saccule
3. Sense position of the head and linear movement

Front 28

1. What is the composition of otolithic membrane?
2. What are sensory thickenings of epithelium that contain neuroepithelial (hair) cells with kinocilium and stereocilia embedded in otolithic membrane?
3. What is the composition of the cupula?

Back 28

1. Calcium carbonate crystals and protein
2. Maculae
3. Gelatinous protein-polysaccharide mass

Front 29

1. What is a cone-shaped pillar of bone that the cochlea corkscrews around?
2. What does this pillar contain?

Back 29

1. Modiolus
2. blood vessels, n and perikarya (cell body) of afferent bipolar neurons ka the spiral ganglion

Front 30

1. Where is the spiral ganglion located, and what cell bodies does it contain?
2. What are bony extensions of the modiolus that extend from the modiolus into the lumen of the cochlear canal along its entire spiral course?

Back 30

1. Modiolus, contains bipolar neurons of the cochlear n CN VIII
2. Spiral lamina

Front 31

1. What is the fibrous structure extending from the spiral lamina to the spiral ligament?
2. This structure is a thickening of which layer of the scalp?

Back 31

1. Basilar membrane
2. Periosteum

Front 32

1. What is the thin membrane that extends obliquely across the cochlear canal from the spiral lamina to the top of the spiral ligament or outer wall of the cochlear canal?
2. What are the 3 parts are the cochlear canal dividided into?
3. By what two structures?

Back 32

1. Vestibular (Reissner's) membrane
2a. Scala vestibuli- upper chamber
2b. Scala media (cochlear duct)
2c. Scala tympani - lower chamber
3. Basilar and vestibular membranes

Front 33

1. What fluid do the scala tympani & vestibuli contain?
2. What and where is the connection between the two?
3. Where does the vestibuli begin?
4. Where does the tympani end?

Back 33

1. Perilymph
2. Helicotrema- apex of the cochlea
3. Oval window
4. Round window
***Vestibuli & tympani might be part of the bony labyrinth

Front 34

1. What pathway can perilymph take in the inner ear?

Back 34

1. From the oval window -> Scala vestibuli -> helicotrema -> Scala tympani -> round window

Front 35

In the cochlear duct (scala media)
1. What membrane form the floor- collagen like fibers in an amorphous matrix
2. What membrane forms the upper wall - simple squamous
3. What forms the lateral wall? What does it secrete?

Back 35

1. Basilar membrane
2. Vestibular (Reisner's) membrane
3. Stria vascularis - endolymph

Front 36

1. What structure consists of hair cells and supporting cells, extends along the length of the scala media and lies on the basilar membrane?
2. What is its fxn?

Back 36

1. Organ of Corti
2. Transduce vibrations of basilar membrane into nerve impulses

Front 37

Organ of corti:
1. What forms a single row of cells and fxn as primary sensory receptors?
2. Has 3 rows; separated from (1) by tunnel of Corti
3. These cells have stereocilia but no kinocilium as opposed to what?

Back 37

1. Inner (neuroepithelial) hair cells
2. Outer (neuroepiithelial) hair cells
3. semicircular canals of vestibular labrynth

Front 38

Organ of Corti:
1. What is a supporting cells with a broad apical and basal surface and narrow cytoplasm; forms triangular, inner tunnel of Corti
2. What are the supporting cells for both rows of hair cells; surround basal portion of the cells

Back 38

1. Pillar cells
2. Phalangeal cells

Front 39

1. What membrane is attached medially to modiolus, extends to the organ of corti and is attached to the stereocilia of the hair cells?

Back 39

Tectorial membrane

Front 40

1. What part of the cochlear is more responsive to high pitch?
2. Low pitch
3. How is loudness determined?

Back 40

1. Base
2. apex
3. The amplitude of the vibration of the basilar membrane

Front 41

1. What is hearing loss when sound waves are mechanically impeded from reaching the inner ear?
2. What is hearing loss after injury to sensory hair cells in organ of Corti

Back 41

1. Conductive hearing loss
2. Sensorineural hearing loss