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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bilaterally Symmetrical
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The right and left halves of the body are mirror images of each other. i.e. the human body.
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Name for a 4-legged animal
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quadruped
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Name for a 2-legged animal
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bipeds
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Belly side of a quadriped
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Ventral
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Back side of a quadriped
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dorsal
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eeltoid refers to the...
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shoulder
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antecubital refers to the...
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front of the elbow
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buccal refers to the...
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cheek
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antebrachial refers to the...
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forearm
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manus refers to the...
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hand
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crural refers to the...
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leg
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pes refers to the...
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foot
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inguinal regers to the....
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pelvis/pelvic
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auricular refers to the...
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ear
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antebrachial refers to the...
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dorsal forearm
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Manus refers to the...
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hand
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Dorsum refers to the...
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baack of the palm
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Perineal refers to the...
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lumbar
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Popliteal refers to the...
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back of the knee
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Sural refers to the...
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calf
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Tarsal refers to the...
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ankle
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Pes refers to the...
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foot
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Systemic Anatomy
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Based on the organ system of organization.
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The superior imaginary horizontal line that is drawn thru the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Transpyloric Plane
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The inferior imaginary horizontal line that is drawn thru the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Transtubercular Plane
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The imaginary vertical lines that are drawn to devide the abdominopelvic cavity
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Right and left mid-clavicular lines.
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Epigastric Region
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The superior region in the middle comumn, contains part of the liver, part of the stomach, the duodenum, part of the pancreas, and both adrenal glands.
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Umbilical Region
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Middle region in the middle column, contains the transverse colon, part of teh small intestine, and the branches of the blood vessels to the lower limbs.
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Hypogastric Region
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Inferior region in the middle column, contains part of the small intestine, the urinary bladder, and the sigmoid colon of the large intestine.
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Right Hypochondriac Region
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Superior region lateral to the epigastric. Contains part of the liver, the gallbladder, and part of the right kidney.
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Left Hypochondriac Region
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Superior region lateral to the epigastric. Contains part of the stomach, the spleen, the left colic flexure of the large intestine, and part of the left kidney.
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Right Lumbar Region
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Middle region, lateral to the umbilical region. Contains the ascending colon and the right colic flexure of the large intestine, the superior part of the cecum, part of the right kidney, and part of the small intestine.
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Left Lumbar Region
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Middle region, lateral to the umbilical region. Contains the descending colon, part of teh left kidney, and part of the small intestine.
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Right Iliac Region
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Inferior region lateral to the hypogastric. Contains the inferior end of the cecum, the appendix, and part of the small intestine.
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Left Iliac Region
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Inferior region lateral to the hypgastric. Contains the junction of parts of the colon as well as part of the small intestine.
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How many organ systems are there?
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Eleven
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How many organ systems are there?
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Eleven
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Integumentary System
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Includes Skin, hair and nails.
Function: External covering, protection, sythesis of Vitamin D, and location of sense receptors. |
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Integumentary System
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Includes Skin, hair and nails.
Function: External covering, protection, sythesis of Vitamin D, and location of sense receptors. |
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Skeletal System
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Includes: Bones, joints and adjacent cartilages.
Function:Support, proctection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage. |
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Skeletal System
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Includes: Bones, joints and adjacent cartilages.
Function:Support, proctection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage. |
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Muscular System
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Includes: Skeletal muscles, associated CT (tendons).
Function: Locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression (communication), maintain posture, and produce heat. |
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Muscular System
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Includes: Skeletal muscles, associated CT (tendons).
Function: Locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression (communication), maintain posture, and produce heat. |
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Circulatory System
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Includes: Cardiovascular system and Lymphatic system.
Function: Transportation of materials within the body to and from internal and external environments. |
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Circulatory System
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Includes: Cardiovascular system and Lymphatic system.
Function: Transportation of materials within the body to and from internal and external environments. |
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Cardiovascular System
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Includes: Heart and vessels.
Function: Transportation of blood, blood contains, O2 and CO2 nutrients, wastes, etc., blood composed of plasma and cells. |
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Cardiovascular System
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Includes: Heart and vessels.
Function: Transportation of blood, blood contains, O2 and CO2 nutrients, wastes, etc., blood composed of plasma and cells. |
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Lymphatic System
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Includes: Lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, etc), lymphatic vessels.
Function: Transportation of lymph, lymph is derived from tissue fluid, houses white blood cells. |
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Lymphatic System
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Includes: Lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, etc), lymphatic vessels.
Function: Transportation of lymph, lymph is derived from tissue fluid, houses white blood cells. |
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Immune System
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Includes: Immune organs (red bone marrow, thymus, etc), white blood cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.)
Function: defense (immune response) |
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Immune System
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Includes: Immune organs (red bone marrow, thymus, etc), white blood cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.)
Function: defense (immune response) |
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Nervous System
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Includes: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense receptors.
Function: Control system (fast, "hard wired"), response to external and internal environments. |
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Nervous System
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Includes: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense receptors.
Function: Control system (fast, "hard wired"), response to external and internal environments. |
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Endocrine System
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Includes: Glands that secrete hormones, pituitary, pancreas, thyroid.
Function: Control system (slow, "chemical"), regulates processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use. |
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Endocrine System
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Includes: Glands that secrete hormones, pituitary, pancreas, thyroid.
Function: Control system (slow, "chemical"), regulates processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use. |
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Respiratory System
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Includes: Lungs, tubing (trachea, bronchus, etc), larynx.
Function: Exchange of respiratory gases (O2/CO2) between blood and atmosphere, and voice production. |
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Digestive System
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Includes: Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine), and accessory structures (liver, salivary glands, etc.)
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Urinary System
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Includes: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Function: Eliminate waste (nitrogen) from blood, between blood and external environment, and regulates water, electrolytes, acid/base. |
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Reproductive System
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Includes: Male and Female systems.
Function: Perpetuation of the species, hormones influence structure and function. sexually bimorphic species. |
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When using the microscope, and increase in image size is called...
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Magnification
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The ability to distinguish between two adjacent points with the microscope
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Resolution
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Total Magnification
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A multipe of the power of the ocular lens (10x) and the objective lens (4x. 10x, 40x, 100x).
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Which objective lens is used to establish Kohler Illumination?
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The low-power 10x lens
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What is depth of field on the microscope?
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The distance above and below the specimen that is in focus.
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What is Parfocal?
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Microscope objectives designed to stay in focus on the sample when changing from one lens to another.
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What is the subatomic particle used to form images in a light microscope?
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Photon
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What is the subatomic particle used to form images in an electron microscope?
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Electron
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What direction do you turn the brightness control knob on the microscope to adjust it to its lowest light level position
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Counter-clockwise
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What is the working distance on the microscope?
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The space between the lens and the specimen.
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What should be done before putting microscope away?
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(1) Remove glass slide of specimen. (2) Lower mechanical stage and put lowest power lens in place. (3) Dim the light (4) Fold the cord and rubberband it (5) Replace the dust cover.
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Steps of Kohler Illumination
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(1) Slide on stage (2) 10x (3)Accessory lens in place (4) Focus on slide (5) Rack condenser to top (6)Close field 3/4 and close iris 1/2 (7)Use Condensor knob (hexagon) (8)Use centering screws (9) Open Field Diaphragm.
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If when setting up Kohler there is not enough light to focus on slide what do you do?
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(1) Open the field diaphragm (2)Open the Iris diaphragm (3) make sure the scope is on!
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What type of cell does not have a nucleus?
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Red Blood Cell
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What type of cell has more than one nucleus?
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Skeletal muscle cell
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What are Glial cells?
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Support cells whose functions include protection of neurons and enhancement of their function.
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What type of cell comes in many shapes and sizes and is a specialized cell that has for the most part lost its ability to divide?
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Neuron
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What type of glands are associated with simple epithleia?
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Exocrine glands
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What 2 primary tissues' cells retain their ability to divide?
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Epithelial and Connective tissue.
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What 2 primary tissues' cells have lost their ability to divide?
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Nervous and muscle tissue.
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Which sensory receptors are most superficial?
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Meissner's Corpuscles (tactile)
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The sense receptor located deeper in the integument.
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Pacinian Corpuscles (pressure aka lamellated corpuscles)
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Structure of Mucous Membranes
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Varies in both the nature of the CT layer and kind of epithelium. Variation reflects the organ function. (Ex: mucosa of esophagus is stratified Squamous ET vs in trachea has cilia).
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Serous Membranes structure
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The epithelial layer is always mesothelium, a layer of simple squamous cells derived from mesoderm, and the CT layer is always thin.
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The Epithelium of skin is derived from...
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Ectoderm
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Epithelial lining of the digestive tract is derived from...
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Endoderm
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Leg refers to...
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Ankle to knee
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Thigh refers to...
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hip to knee
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How many bones in the body?
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206 ...usually
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How many cervical vertebrae?
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7
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How many Thoracic Vertebrae?
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12
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How many Lumbar Vertebrae?
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5
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How many Sacral Vertebrae?
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5
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How many Coccygeal Vertebrae?
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3-5
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Skeletal System Function
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1)Support
2)Protection 3)Levers for Movements 4)Reservoir for Minerals 5)Blood Cell Production |
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Most bone develops from...
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cartilage
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A cup-like cavity
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Acetabulum
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A narrow, ridge-like projection
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Crest
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A rounded projection articulated with another bone
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Condyle
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A smooth, flat surface for articulation
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Facet
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A hole or opening in a bone
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Foramen
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A depression
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Fossa
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A Canal or opening
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Meatus
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A prominence or projection
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Process
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A Branch
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Ramus
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An air-filled cavity
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Sinus
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A shallow groove
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Sulcus
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A large blunt process
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Trochanter
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A small rounded process
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Tubercle
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A broad process on a bone
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Tuberosity
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Unarticulated bone tucked under the chin
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The hyoid Bone
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Spongy bone consists of...
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trabecular network with spaces filled by marrow.
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The ends of a long bone
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Epiphysis
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The middle of the long bone
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diaphysis
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Types of Bones
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Long, short, flat, and irregular.
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Examples of Flat bones
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ribs, sternum, scapula
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Examples of Long Bones
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Humerus, tarsals, metacarpals, fibula, femur.
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Examples of Irregular Bones
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Os Coxae, sacrum, sphenoid bone
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Calvaria
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Cranium
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Coronal suture
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Between the frontal and parietal bones.
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Sagittal suture
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Between parietal bones
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Lambdoidal suture
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Between parietal and occipital bones.
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Squamous Suture
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Between temporal and parietal bones.
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With one exception, bones of the adult skull articulate at immovable joints called sutures. The exception is...
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The Temporomandibular joint with the point of articulation between the mandibular (condylar) fossa of the temporal bone and and condylar process of the mandible.
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How many bones make up the cranium (calvaria)?
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8
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How many facial bones in the skull?
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14
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Where is the frontal sinus?
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In the frontal bone superior to the the orbits.
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Where is the maxillary sinus?
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In the body of the maxillary bones.
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Where is the sphenoidal sinus?
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In the body of the sphenoid bone.
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Where is the ethmoidal sinus?
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In the middle and superior nasal conchae.
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Name the ear ossicles superficial to deep.
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Malleus,incus, and stapes
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Parts of the hyoid bone
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The body, the greater cornu, and the lesser cornu.
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What part of the skull articulates with the atlas bone of the spine?
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The occipital bone at the occipital condyles.
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What bone forms the internal architecture of the nasal cavity?
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The sphenoid bone.
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What bone forms the inferior part of the bony nasal septum?
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The vomer bone consisting of the 'ala' and the 'verticle plate'
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What are the small bones located superior to the nasal cavity?
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Nasal bones
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Delicate bones that form part of the orbital wall on the medial side?
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Lacrimal Bones.
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What forms part of the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity?
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Palatine processes
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The only synovial joint in the skull?
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The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) where the mandible bone articulates with the temporal bone.
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The hyoid bone
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Not considered part of the skull. U-shaped with the opening of the U situated posteriorly. Does not articulate with other bones.
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The vertebral column consists of how many bones?
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24 individual bones and 2 fused bones (the sacrum and coccyx)
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Primary Curvatures of the spine
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Refers to the Thoracic and sacral curves
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Secondary Curvatures of the spine
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Refers to the Cervical and Lumbar curves
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A lateral curvature of the spine
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Scoliosis
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A "hunchback" cruve to the spine
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Kyphosis
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A "swayback" curve to the spine
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Lordosis
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Characteristic of thoracic vertebrae
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Have a long narrow spinous processes. The superior articular facets are flat and protrude upward.
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Characteristics of Lumbar vertebrae
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Have massive bodies and short, blunt spinous processes.
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Superficial landmark where the manubrium articulates with the sternal ends of the clavicles.
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Jugular Notch (suprasternal notch)
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Significance of the Xiphoid Process
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It is at the level of the 5th intercostal space and is important in locating the apex of the heart...aiding in hand placement for CPR
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True Ribs
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The first 7 pairs of ribs that connect directly (via costal cartilage) to the sternum.
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False Ribs
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The lower 5 pairs of ribs, connect indirectly via costal cartilage (includes the floating ribs)
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Floating Ribs
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The last 2 pairs of ribs lacking cartilage attachments. Attach only on one end to T11 and T12.
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The Os Coxae is made up of...
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The Ilium, Ischium, and the pubis of ONE side
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The 'Pelvis' refers to ...
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The sacrum, coccyx, and ossa coxae
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The Pelvic girdle refers to...
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Just the 2 bones of the ossa coxae
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The largest carpal bone in the wrist...
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Scaphoid
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What carpal bone is articulated with the 'thumb' in a saddle joint allowing us to grip with our thumbs?
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Trapezium
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What bone does the Achilles Tendon attach to?
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The Calcaneous
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What Tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?
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The Talus
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Name the carpal bones
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Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
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What makes up the pectoral girdle?
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2 Clavicles and 2 Scapulae.
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Points of interest on the Clavicle
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Sternal (medial) end, acromial (lateral), Conoid Tubercle, and Costal Tuberosity.
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The Costal Tuberosity is found where?
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On the sternal (medial) end of the clavicle.
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The Conoid Tubercle is found where?
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On the acromal (lateral) end of the clavicle.
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Points of interest on the scapula
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Spine, acromion process, coracoid process, superior/ medial/lateral borders, superior/inferior/lateral angle, glenoid cavity, supraspinous/infraspinous/subscapular fossa, suprascapular notch, supraglenoid tubercle, and infraglenoid tubercle.
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Points of interest on the Humerus
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Anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater and lesser tubercles, deltoid tuberosity, medial and lateral epicondyles, capitulum, trochlea, Coronoid Fossa, Olecranon Fossa, Radial Fossa, and Intertubercular Groove.
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Location of the Capitulum
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Distal, lateral end of the humerus
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Location of the Trochlea
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Distal, Medial end of the humerus
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Points of interest on the radius
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Radial Tuberosity, ulnar notch, and styloid process.
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Points of interest on the ulna
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Coronoid Process, Olecranon Process, Trochlear notch, and radial notch.
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Points of interest on the femur
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Fovea capitis, greater & lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric crest, linea aspera, lateral & medial condyle, lateral & medial epicondyle, adductor tubercle, intercondylar notch, nutrient foramen, popliteal surface,intertrochanteric crest, pectineal line, gluteal tuberosity, medial & lateral supracondylar lines, and patellar surface.
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Points of interest on the Tibia
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Tibial tuberosity, lateral & medial condyle, intercondylar eminence, medial malleolus, interosseus border.
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Points of interest on the fibula
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Articular facet, lateral malleolus, interosseus border.
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Name the bones of the foot (Tarsals)
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Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform, and cuboid.
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Another name for the big toe?
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Hallux
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Points of interest on the Ilium
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Iliac crest, anterior/posterior superior iliac spine, anterior/posterior inferior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, ala, arcuate line, iliac fossa, gluteal line, posterior/inferior gluteal line, auricular surface.
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Points of interest on the Ischium
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Ischeal tuberosity, obturator foramen, ischeal spine, lesser sciatic notch, body, ramus,
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Points of interest on the Pubis
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Symphysial surface, superior/inferior ramus, pubic crest, pubic tubercle, pectineal line.
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The 3 structural classifications of joints:
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Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial.
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The functional classifications of joints:
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Synarthroses (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and Diarthroses (freely movable)
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Synarthroses Joints
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Immovable joints that are firmly bound together with strong connective fibers. No joint cavity. Found mostly in the axial skeleton where they provide stability and protection..
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Amphiarthroses Joints
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Slightly movable joint that have cartilage or fibrous connections between bones. There is no joint cabity. Found mostly in the axial skeleton where they provide stability and protection.
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Diarthroses Joints
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Freely movable joints. Most common joints in the body. Surrounded by a synovial cavity that is lined by a secretory synovial membrane. Located primarily in the appendicular skeleton.
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What is a bursae?
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Fluid filled sac as is found in synovial joints.
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Gliding (Plantar) Joints
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Intercarpal and intertarsal joints are examples. Articulating surfaces are flat or slightly convex, and glide across each other uniaxial, meaning movement is only possible on one axis
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Hing Joint
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Ex=The elbow, knee, and ankle. Movement is uniaxial and is classified as flexion or extension.
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Condylar Joints
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Ex= The wrists and knuckles. Condyles of one bone articulate with a shallow depression on an adjacent bone. Movement is possible in two planes (biaxial)
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Saddle Joints
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Ex= The joint between the 1st metacarpal and the trapezium bone (thumb joint). One articulating surface is convex, the other is concave. Specialized joint for grasping with the opposable thumb of a primate.
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Pivot Joints
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Ex= The atlas and axis of the vertebrae form a pivot joint. Movement is rotational around an axis, provided in this case by the dens. A uniaxial joint.
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Ball and Socket Joints
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Ex= The shoulder and hop joints. The rounded head of one bone fits into a cupline depression of another bone. Movement is possible in all planes. Multiaxial
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Points of interest in knee joint
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Periostium, joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovial cavity, synovial membrane.
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Ligaments of the Shoulder Joint
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Acromioclavicular ligament, caracoclavicular ligament, coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral ligamanet, glenohumeral ligament, tendon of the biceps brachii
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Ligaments of the Hip Joint
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Iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament
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Ligaments of the Knee Joint
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Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, Tibial (medial) collateral ligament, Medial and Lateral Meniscus, Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, patellar ligament.`1
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