Ea - 2Nd Ch Anatomy: The Cell

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General functions of human body cells

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Covering (Ex: Skin)
Lining (Ex: Lining organs)
Storage (Ex: store nutrients)
Movement (Ex: contractile)
Connection
Defense
Communication(Nerve cells)
Reproduction (sex cells)

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Plasma/Cell Membrane Structure

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Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and proteins (integral and peripheral) and some carbohydrates (externally)

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Plasma/Cell Membrane Function

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Contains receptors for communication; forms intercellular connections; acts as physical barrier to enclose cell contents; regulates material movement into and out of the cell.

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Cytoplasm Structure

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Contains cytosol, a viscous fluid, and inclusions and organelles.

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Cytoplasm Function

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Site of metabolic processes of the cell; store nutrients and dissolved solutes.

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Cytosol Structure

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Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes (ions, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other small molecules)

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Cytosol Function

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Provides support for organelles; serves as viscous medium through which diffusion occurs.

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Organelles Structure

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Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound structures that have unique funtions and activities.

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Organelles Function

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Carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell.

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Inclusions Structure

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Store materials

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Nucleus Structure

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Surroundes by double membrane nuclear envelope (each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer); contains nucleolus and chromatin.

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Nucleus Function

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Acts as cell control center; controls all genetic information (DNA); site of ribosome subunit assembly.

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Nuclear Envelope Structure

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Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents.

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Nuclear Envelope Funtion

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Pores in envelope regulate exchange of materials with the cytoplasm.

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Nuclear Pores Structure

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Openings through the nuclear envelope

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Nuclear Pores Function

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Allow for passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.

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Nucleolus (nucleoli) Structure

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Spherical, dark-staining, dense granular region in the nucleus.

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Nucleolus (nucleoli) Function

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Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus.

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Chromatin and Chromosomes Structure

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Filamentous association of DNA and histone proteins.

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Chromatin and Chromosomes Function

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Site of genes in the DNA

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Smooth Endoplasmic Riticulum Structures

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Interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Riticulum Function

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Synthesizes lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs, alcohol.

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Rough Endoplasmic Riticulum Structure

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Flattened intracellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface.

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Rough Endoplasmic Riticulum Function

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Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes; transports and stores molecules.

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Golgi Apparatus Structures

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Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated shuttle vescicles.

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Golgi Apparatus Function

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Modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis.

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Lysosomes Structure

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Membrane sacs with digestive enzymes

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Lysosomes Function

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Digest materials or microbes ingested by the cell; remove old/damaged organelles; self-destruct (autolyze)

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Peroxisomes Structure

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Membrane-enclosed sacs; usually contain large amounts of specific enzymes to break down harmful substances.

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Peroxisomes Function

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Convert hydrogen peroxide formed during metabolism to water.

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Mitochondria Structure

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Double membrane structures with cristae; fluid matrix contents at center.

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Mitochondria Function

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Synthesize most ATP during cellular respiration; "powerhouse of cell".

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Ribosomes Structure

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Dense cytoplasmic granules with two subunits (large and small); may be free in cytoplasm (free ribosomes) or bound to rough ER (fixed ribosomes).

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Ribosomes Function

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Synthesize proteins for:
1. Use in the cell (free ribos)
2. Secretion, incorporation into plama membrane, or lysosomes (fixed ribosomes).

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Cytoskeleton Structure

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Organized network of protein filaments or hollow tubules throughout the cell

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Cytoskeleton Function

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Provides structural support; facilitates cytoplasmic streaming, organelle and cellular motility, transport of materials, and chromosomal movement and cell division.

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Microfilaments Structure

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Actin protein monomers formed into filaments

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Microfilaments Function

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Maintain cell shape; aid in muscle contraction and intracellular movement; separate dividing cells.

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Intermediate Filaments Structure

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Various protein components

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Intermediate Filaments Function

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Provide strucural support; stabilize cell junctions.

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Microtubules Structure

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Hollow cylinders of tubulin protein; able to lengthen and shorten.

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Microtubules Function

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Support cell; hold organelles in place; maintain cell shape and rigidity; direct organelle movement within cell and cell motility as cilia and flagella; move chromosomes at cell division.

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Centrosome Structure

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Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contains a pair of centrioles.

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Centrosome Function

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Organizes microtubules; participates in spindle formation during cell division.

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Centrioles Structure

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Paried perpendicular cylindrical bodies; composed of microtubule triplets.

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Centrioles Function

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Organize microtubules during cell division for meovement of chromosomes.

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Cilia Structure

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Short, membrane-attached projections containing microtubules; occur in large numbers on exposed membrane surfaces.

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Cilia Function

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Move fluid, mucus, and materials over the cell surface.

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Flagellum Structure

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Long, singular membrane extension containing microtubules.

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Flagellum Function

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Propels sperm cells in human male.

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Microvilli Structure

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Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface.

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Microvilli Function

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Increase membrance surface are for increaded absoption and/or secreation.

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Interphase

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A time of normal metabolic activities with no noticeable chane in either the cytoplam or nucleus; cell is not dividing, and chromosomes are not visible by light microscopy.

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G1 Phase

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First groth phase: Protein sythesis and metabolic activity occur; new organelles are produced; centriole replication begins at end of this phase. (Interphase)

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S Phase

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Nuclear DNA is replicated (Interphase)

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G2 Phase

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Second growth phase: Brief growth period for production of cell division enzymes; centriole replication finishes; organelle replication continues. (Interphase)

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Mitotic Phase

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Nuclear and cytoplasmic events produce two identical daughter cells from one parent cell.

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Mitosis

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Division of the nucleus: Continuous series of nuclear events that distribute two sets of chromosomes into two daughter nuclei.

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Prophase

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Chromatin threads appear due to coiling and condensation; elongated duplicated chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids become visible. Nuclear envelope disappears at the end of this stage. Nucleolus disappears. Microtubules begin to form mitotic spindle. Centrioles move toward opposing cell poles.

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Metaphase

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Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell. Microtubules from the mitotic spindle attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes from the centrioles.

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Anaphase

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Centromeres that held sister chromatid pairs together separate; they are now single-stranded chromosomes identical pairs of single-stranded chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.

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Telophase

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Chromosomes arrive at cell poles and stop moving. Nuclear envelope reappears, mitotic spindle disintegrates, chromosomes disappear and become thin chromatin threads within boundary of the new nuclear envelope. Nucleoli reappear.

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Cytokinesis

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Usually begins before telophase ends; cleavage furrow is formed from a contractile ring of microfilaments; cytoplasm divides, completing the formation of two daughter cells.

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How many different types of cells in the human body?

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Approximately 200

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The human body contains how many cell?

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About 75 trillion

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Facilitated Diffusion

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Requires the participation of specific transport proteins that help specific substances move across the plasma membrane. Either large molecules or molecules that are insoluble in lipids. Examples would be glucose and some amino acids.

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Bulk Filtration (or Movement)

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Diffusion of solvents and solutes together across the selectively permeable membrane.

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Exocytosis

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How larger molecules or bulk structures move across the membrane via this active transport process.

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Three types of endocytosis

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Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

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Passive Transport

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Movement of substance along a concentration gradient; ATP not required. Includes Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, Bulk Filtration.

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Simple Diffusion

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Unaided net movement of a substance due to molecular motion down its concentration gradient across selectively permeable membrane; continues until equilibrium is reached. A type of passive transport utilizing molecular movement as its energy source.

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Facilitated diffusion

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Movement of materials too large to pass through membrane channels; relies on transport proteins. A type of passive transport used to transport glucose into cells.

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Bulk Filtration

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Bulk movement of solvents and solvents and solutes from an area of high concentration to an are of low concentration as a result of hydrostatic pressure differences across the membrane. A type of passive transport used to transport nutrients and fluids from the blood into body tissues.

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Active Transport

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Movement of substances AGAINST a concetration gradient; requires ATP; requires assistance to move across the membrane often by a transport protein and sometimes by bulk movement in vesicles. Includes Ion pumps, bulk transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

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Ion Pumps

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Transport of ions across the membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps. Type of active transport requiring ATP.

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Bulk Transport

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Membrane vesicles form around materials for transport. Type of active transport requiring ATP

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Exocytosis

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Bulk movement of substances out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. Uses ATP

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Endocytosis

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Bulk movement of substuances INTO a cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane.

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Phagocytosis

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Type of endocytosis in which particulate materials move into a cell after being engulfed by pseudopodia at the cell surface; vesicles form at the inside of the plasma membrane; large sacs are called vacuoles.

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Pinocytosis

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Type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane folds inward to capture extracellular fluid droplet and its dissolved contents, forming a small new vesicle inside the cell.

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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

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Type of endocytosis in which specific molecule-receptor complexes in the plasma membrane stimulate the clustering of bound molecule-receptor complexes; vesicles containing specific molecules bound to receptors in the membrane stimulate internalization of the bound molecules.