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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the shoot system is composed of what two things
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stem and leaves
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what are the major functions of the stem
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produce and support leaves
transport food, water, minerals between leaves and roots |
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what are addition functions of the stem for some species
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photosynthesis
gas exchange food storage |
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what are the general characteristics of the stem
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positioned above ground
positively phototropic negat ively gravitropic |
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what are the gross features of the stem
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nodes
internodes buds |
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location where leaves are attached to stem
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node
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the part of the stem between nodes
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internode
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embryonic shoots, often protected by leaves
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buds
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what does the shoot apical meristem do
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adds cells to tip of the shoot
produces leaf primordia and bud primordia |
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what develops into leaves
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leaf primordia
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what develops into lateral shoots
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bud primordia
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where is the shoot meristem located and what three things does it give rise to
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above the youngest leaf primordia
protoderm procambium ground meristem |
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what does the shoot apical meristem lack that a root apical meristem has
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a protective covering such as a rootcap
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elongation in the stem occurs where
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internode locations
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phytomeres are segments of the shoot that consists of
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1 bud
1 internode 1 node 1 leaf |
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what are the three basica types of organiztion of the vascular system in stems
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continuous cylinder within GT
a cylinder of discrete bundles within GT discrete bundles that are scattered throughout GT |
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Describe the generalized stem cross section for a eudicot
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epidermis
cortex pith interfascicular region or pith rays vascular bundles or cylinder |
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parenchyma cells that connect the cortex and pith between the vascular bundles
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interfascicular region or pith rays
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at each node one or more vascular bundles are diverted from the stem to the new leaf, this connection is called waht
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leaf trace
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the part of the stem that is missing the diverted cascular bundles is called
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leaf trace gap
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the vascular connection between the bud/ branch and stem
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branch trace
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that part of the stem that is missing the diverted vascular tissue for the bud primordia
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branch gap
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the arrangement of leaves on a stem
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phyllotaxy
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type of phyllotaxy where one leaf is at each node & leaves form a helical pattern around the stem; most common
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helical
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type of phyllotaxy where one leaf is attached at each node & leaves are on oppossite sides of the stem
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alternate distichous
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type of phyllotaxy where two leaves form at each node on opposite sides of the stem
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opposite
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type of phyllotaxy where two leave form at each node and are at right angles from each other
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decussate
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type of phyllotaxy where 3 or more leaves form at each node
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whorled
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what are the primary functions of leaves
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photosynthesis
gas exchange transpiration |
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describe the base of the leaf in monocots
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the base of the leaf is a sheath that encircles the stem
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describe the characteristics of leaves in eudicots
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blade
stalk stipule simple or compound |
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expanded portion of the leaf
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blade
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stalk like portion of a leaf
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petiole
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scalelike or leaflike appendages at the base of the petiole
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stipule
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describe simple leaves
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not divided into parts
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describe compound leaves
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divided into leaflefts, each usually with its own small petiole
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petiole of a leaflet
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petiolule
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describe the leaflets from pinnately compound leaves
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leaflets arise from either side of the rachis
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extension of the petiole
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rachis
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describe the leaflets from palmately compound leaves
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leaflets diverge from the tip of the petiole; no rachis is present
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how can you tell the difference between a leaf or a leaflet of a compound leaf
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buds are found in the axils of leaves, not leaflets
leaves can extend from different planes, leaflets all lie in the same plane |
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describe the leaf anatomy of the upper and lower epidermis
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epidermal cells
cuticle stomata trichomes |
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describe the leaf anatomy of the mesophyll
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palisade parenchyma
spongy parenchyma bundles sheath veins |
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how is the monocot leaf anatomy different
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has kranz anatomy
uniform parenchyma cells within the mesophyll no palisade parenchyma |
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plant adapted to moderately moist environment; your typical eudicot leaf
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mesophyte
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plant adapted to dry, arid climate
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xerophyte
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plant adapted to wet, aquatic environment
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hydrophyte
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common adaptations of xerophytes
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reduce water loss
reduce absorption of radiation maximize the ratio of co2 to h2p loss |
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what are the characteristics used by xerophytes to reduce water loss
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thick cuticle
multiply layer epidermis hypodermis sunken stomata stomatal crypt dense covering of trichomes |
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what are the characteristics used by xerophytes to reduce absoption of radiation
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low surface to volume ratio
leaf curling ability coating of whitish wax or trichomes |
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what are the characteristics of xerophytes to maximize the ratio of co2 to h20 water loss
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kranz anatomy
specialized bundle sheath parenchyma cells in c4 photosynthesis succulent parenchyma tissue allowing or water storage and accumulation of cam photosynthesis |
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What are the common adaptations of hydrophytes
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poor water conservation
stomata restricted to upper surface buoyant large branch sclereids |
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describe how hydrophytes have poor water conservation
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thin cuticle
poorly developed vascular tissue |
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what is the purpose of branches sclereids in hydrophytes
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to support large, floppy, floating leaves
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differences in leave morphology are due to the influence of environment on development
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phenotypic plasticity
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what are common examples of phenotypic plasticity of leaves
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sun and shade leaves
leaf variation in aquatic plants |
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what are common examples of phenotypic plasticity of leaves
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sun and shade leaves
leaf variation in aquatic plants |
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How are leaves developing in intense light different from leaves developing in the shade
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thicker and smaller
thicker cuticle layers shorter petioles |
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what are the five types of modified leaves or stems
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tendrils
cladophylls spines thorns prickles |
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thin modified stems or leaves that wrap around structures to aid in support
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tendrils
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stems that are modified to look like leaves
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cladophylls
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modified leaves that are hard, dry and nonphotosynthetic
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spines
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modified branches found in axils of leaves, forms from bud
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thorns
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not a stem or leaf, but a small outgrowth from the cortex and epidermis
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prickles
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what are the specialized functions of stem and or leaves
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food storage
water storage |
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what are the five stems/leaves that specialize in food storage
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tuber
bulb corm storage stem strage petioles |
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enlarged rhizomes or stolons that store food
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tubers
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underground vertical shoort with thick food storing leaves
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bulbs
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short vertical swollen underground stem that serves as a storage organ
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corm
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short thick stem that stands above ground and bears several leaves with very broad bases
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storage stem
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petioles that are thick and store food
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storage petioles
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do tubers form eudicots or monocots
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both
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are bulbs monocot or eudicot
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monocot
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are corms monocot or eudicot
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monocot
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are storage stems a part of eudicots or monocots
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eudicots
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