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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Defined as the capacity to do work |
Energy |
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The general term referring to any item which is usedfor a specific purpose |
Resource |
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Energy is derived from 7.... |
Nuclear Fossil fuels Geothermal Hydro Wind Solar Biomass |
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Replenished on a human time scale |
Renewable energy |
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Cannot be replenished |
Nonrenewable resource |
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A form of energy which can be generated from almost any energy resource |
Electricity |
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World's primary energy source |
Fossil fuels |
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Fossil fuels support through 5... |
Transportation Electricity Production Heatingand cooling Various industrial actv. |
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Fossil fuels include 5... |
Coal Oil petroleum Gas Nonrenewable resource |
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A black combustible rock |
Coal |
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Coal is made up of 5... |
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur |
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Coal is formed from |
Remains of plants |
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The most extensive coal deposits date back to the |
Carboniferous period 290 -360 mya. |
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Transforms decaying vegetation into peat |
Continous burial and compaction |
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A precursor of coal containing 50% carbon |
Peat |
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Peat is transformed into coal at burial depths of.... |
4 to 10 km |
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Geologists classify coal according to its |
Carbon content |
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A soft dark brown low rank coal conposed of 70 percent carbon |
Lignite |
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What makes the lignite to transform into a dull black mid rank bituminous coal |
Higher temperature |
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The amount of energy released when coal is burned is ........ to the amount of carbon within the coal |
Directly proportional |
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Produce the most energy among the different types of coal |
Anthracites |
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Petroleum comes from the latin word |
Petra and oleum |
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Petra means |
Rock |
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Oleum means |
Oil |
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A naturally occuring liquid composed of hydocarbons. And is found in geological formations underneath the earth surface |
Petroleum |
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Petroleum is derived from large quatities of microscopic ........ such as........ |
Aquatic organisms Algae and planktons |
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Increased in pressure and temperature due to |
Continous burial |
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Organic matter in these organism transforms ibto a waxy material known as |
Kerogen |
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Kerogen to hydrocarbons process |
Catagenesis |
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Petroleum's specific depth pressure temperature |
Oil window |
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The process of oil converting into a natural gas |
Thermal cracking |
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Natural gas is a hydrocarbon |
Mostly made up of methane ( CH4) |
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A chemical compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
Methane |
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Lighter than air and is highly flammable |
Methane |
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Deposits of fossil fuels |
Carbon storage areas |
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Formed when fossil fuels are burned |
Carbon dioxide |
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Occur when atoms of one species of chemical element are transformed into atoms of another species |
Nuclear reactions |
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2 types of nuclear reactions |
Fission Fusion |
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What is fission |
Splitting of heavy atoms into lighter atoms |
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What is fusion |
Combination of two light atoms to form a heavier atom |
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This nuclear reactions create .... |
Heat energy |
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Heat energy can be called as .... |
Nuclear energy |
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Fission occurs when |
An atom is hit by a neutron |
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2 problems associated with nuclear power plants |
Fuel rod should be maintain to a certain temperature |
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Why should a certain temp be maintained |
Could generate meltdown or explosion |
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Another problem |
Generation of radioactive wastes |
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Internal heat is also referred to as |
Geothermal energy |
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The teml gets ______ as you go deeper towards the core |
Warmer |
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The rate of change in temp with depth |
Geothermal gradient |
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Causes particles to collide and produce heat |
Friction |
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Geothermal energy is utilized using |
Ambient geothermal system And Active geothermal system |
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____ essential to hydroelectric energy |
Gravity |
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When moves to lower elevation Potential is transformed into |
Kinetic energy |
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The power generated by the energy from falling water |
Hydropower |
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____ was used by the ancient times to harnessed hydropower |
Water wheels |
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Electricity generated in hydropower |
Hydroelectricity |
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Height difference between the source and the water's outflow |
Head |
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Water flows through a tunnel called |
Penstock |
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After the pipe or penstock is |
Turbine |
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Causes the turbine to rotate and generate electricity |
Water pressure |
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Constructed to divert water and allow it to flow through a canal |
Weir |
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A canal where sediments can settle |
Headrace |
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A dam built in the tidal inlet that allows water to enter during high tide |
Barrage |
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Father of hydroelectric power |
Lester A. Lelton |
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Lester pelton invented the |
Pelton water wheel |
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Movement of air caused by differences in atmospheric pressure |
Wind |
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Hot air rises coller air moves down forming |
Wind currents |
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Short duration high speed wind |
Gust |
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Long duration wind |
Breeze Gale Storm Hurricane |
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Can be produced from wind flows or air currents |
Mechanical power |
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A collection of individual wind turbines |
Wind farm |
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Wind resources are strongly dependent on 3... |
Latitude Elevation Proximity to the coastline |
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Energy coming from the sun |
Solar energy |
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Plants use solar energy for |
Photosynthesis |
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Animals and humans use this energy by |
Consuming plants and absorbing vit. D |
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Essential for Converting solar energy into electricity |
Solar collector |
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Ex of solar collector |
Concentrated solar power |
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Solar cell or also known as ____ |
Photovoltaic cell |
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Photovoltaic referts to the _____ conversion of light into electricity |
Direct |
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Oldest source of energy |
Biomass |
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Biomass is defined as |
Biological material derived from living or recently deceased organisms |
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The only planet where water exists in its liquid form |
Earth |
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Contains the oceans lakes streams underground water snow and ice |
Hydrosphere |
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Hydrosphere makes up about % of earth's surface |
71 |
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Also known as water cycle |
Hydrologic cycle |
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Movement of water around earth's surface |
Hydrologic cycle |
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The cycle consists of interconnected ___ and ____ |
Pathways and reservoirs |
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Place where water resides for varying amount of time |
Reservoirs |
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The processes that allow water to move between reservoirs and subsystems |
Pathways |
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A must in the cycle that maintains the total amt of water |
Mass balance |
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Liquid water changes into vapor |
Evaporation |
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_ % of the water vapor in the atm. Evaporates from the ocean |
80 |
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The evaporation of water from the leaves and the stems of the plants |
Transpiration |
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Transformation of ice directly into water vapor |
Sublimation |
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Change of vapor to liquid |
Condensation |
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Transferring of water from the atm. To the earth's surface |
Precipitation |
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The process of penetrating the soil in the land's surface |
Infiltration |
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The field of geology that deals with the ditribution availability and flow of groundwater in aquifers |
Hydrogeology |
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The total amt of water in the planet |
Earth's water budget |
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Oceans contain _% of earth's total water |
97.5 |
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Only _% of the earth's total water is freshwater |
2.5 |
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The average length of time spent by water molecule in a reservoir |
Residence time |
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Is a vast body of saline water |
Ocean |
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Major chemical elements present in seawater |
Sodium and chlorine ( Na and Cl |
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Four recognized oceans |
Atlantic Pacific Indian Arctic |
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The saltiness of saltwater |
Salinity |
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Zone in the ocean which consists of relatively warm low density water Extends from the oceam surface to a depth of 100m |
Surface layer |
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A zone with a temperature of water that decreases rapidly w/ depth |
Thermocline |
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The zone that has a uniformly low temp |
Deep zone |
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Most of the freshwater is stored in ___ |
Glaciers |
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A permanent body of ice |
Glacier |
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A mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50 000 km2 |
Ice sheet |
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A soil rock or sediment that is frozen for more than two consecutive years is called |
Permafrost |
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A moving body of surface water that flows downslope toward sea level bc of gravity |
Stream |
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A stream has a clearly defined passageways called |
Channels |
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A stream with a considerable volume and a well defined channel |
River |
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Smaller streams are called |
Tributaries |
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A land area in which the water flow into a particular stream |
Drainage basin or watershed |
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The line that separates individual drainage basin |
Drainage divide |
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The narrow elongated landform separating individual streams within a basin |
Interfluve |
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A process when water moves downhill during heavy rain |
Overland flow |
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What water becomes when it enters the channels |
Streamflow |
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Large inland bodies of fresh or saline water |
Lakes |
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Small and shallow lakes |
Ponds |
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Are barriers constructed along streams to contain the flow of water |
Dams |
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Geological processes form ___ |
Natural lakes |
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Land areas where water covers the surface for significant periods |
Wetlands |
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A shallow wetland around lakes streams and oceanswhere grasses and reeds are the dominant vegetation |
Marsh |
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A wetland with lush trees and vegetation found in low lying areas beside slow moving rivers |
Swamp |
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A partly enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from streams meets the saltwater from the sea |
Estuary |
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A natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerged under water |
Flood |
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Occurs when a stream's discharge is greater than the capacity of the channel |
Fluvial or riverine flood |
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Are intense high velocity torrent of water that occurs in an existing river channel with little to no notice |
Flassflood |
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Occurs when heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of an overflowing stream |
Pluvial or surface water flood |
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A freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface |
Groundwater |
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Water bearing rock layers |
Aquifers |
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Holds groundwater in tiny cracks cavities and pores between mineral grains |
Sponge |
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Total amount of empty pore spaces in the rock |
Porosity |
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The ability of the rock or sediments to allow water to pass through it |
Permeability |
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First layer encountered when a well is excavated in the ground |
Moist soil layer |
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Zone in which the soaces between the particles are filled mainly with air |
Zone of aeration or unsaturated zone |
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Zone in which the spaces between the particles are filled with water |
Zone of saturation |
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The boundary between the zone of aeration and saturation |
Watet table |
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Layer Above the water table |
Capillary fringe |
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An aquifer in which the groundwater is free to rise to its natural level |
Unconfined aquifer |
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The water is trapped and held down by pressure between impermeable rocks |
Aquiclude |
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The land area where water enters the ground and replenish the groundwater |
Recharge zone |
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The area where the groundwater flows out of the aquifer |
Discharge zone |
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When geoundwater emerges to the ground surface a _ ___ is created |
Spring |
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A stream that has a water that flows underground and contributes to the groundwater |
Losing or influent stream |
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Streams fed by groundwater |
Gaining or effluent stream |
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Human activities affecting water resources ..... 5 |
Population growth Movement of large number or people Demands for greater food security Increased competition between diff. Uses of water resources Pollution from factories etc |
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Too much soil and sediments delivered to streams |
Sedimentation |
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Production of a discharge when surface water becomes acidic due to mining of certain metals |
Acid mine discharge |
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Excessive groundwater withdrawal |
Subsidence |
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Involves the reduction of the mineral content by taking salt out of seawater |
Desalination |
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An essential component of earth that has enabled life to exist on the planet and continues to support i |
Soil |
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The foundation of terrestrial life on this planet |
Pedosphere |
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Derived from the greek words |
Pedon and sfaira |
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Which means |
Soil and sphere |
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The living skin of earth which is a result of the dynamic interaction among the atmosphere biosphere geosphere and the hyrosphere |
Pedosphere |
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What are the 4 components of soil |
45 mineral 25 air 25 water 5 organic matter |
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Soil forms when rock ____ |
Weathers |
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5 factors affecting the soil formation |
Parent material Climate Topography Biological factors Time |
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Will determine the soil that will be formed |
Parent material |
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Soil forming processes |
Climate |
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Gradient of the slope affects water flow and erosion |
Topography |
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Organisms affect soil formation |
Biological factors |
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A long and continous process of formation of soil |
Time |
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Defines as the relative proportion of the particle sizes in the soil |
Soil texture |
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Smallest to largest particle |
Clay <.002 Silt .002 to .005 Sand .005 to 2.0 Gravel and rock > 75.00 mm |
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The ideal soil for agricultural use |
Loam |
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Provides good aeration and drainage properties of large particles with nutrient retention |
Loam |
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A gradual process which involves the development of a succession of zones or soil horizons |
Sol formation |
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The sequence of soil horizons from the surface down to the underlying bedrock |
Soil profile |
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What are the horizons of the soil |
O A B C R E |
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Horizon in soil that is composed of mineral matter mixed with some dark organic humus |
A horizon ( surface horizon) |
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The horizon where accumulation of clay andother nutrients above it can be found |
B. Subsoil |
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Horizoj composed of partially altered parent material |
C. Substratum |
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Composed of loose or partly decayed organic matter |
O horizon organic horizon |
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Horizon where leaching and eluviation occur |
E horizon |
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Layer of loose heterogeneous and superficial mineral material covering the bedrock |
R horizon hard horizon |
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Superficial material covering the bedrock |
Regolith |
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Plowable lands which could be used to grow crops |
Arable land |
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Arable comes from the latin word |
Arabilis which means able to be plowed |
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Importance of Water in the land |
Regulating water and filtering potential pollutants |
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Carbon nitrogen and phosphorus are cycled in the soil |
Nutrient cycling |
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A base for plant roots |
Foundation and support |
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Soils are mined for their mineral content |
Mineral deposits |
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How human actv. Degrade soil quatlity |
Soil erosion Soil compactiob Desertification Inte sive agriculture Urbanization |
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Increasing population |
Urbanization |
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Feed the world more efficiently |
Intensive agriculture |
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Irreversible xhange of the land |
Desertification |
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Causes the loss of the topsool and nutrients in there |
Soil erosion |
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Reduces the amt of air water and space |
Soil compaction |
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Main nutrients of soil |
NitrogenPhosphorus Potassium |
