E Sci

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are the fundamental components of rocks.

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Minerals

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are the most abundant components of rocks on the Earth's surface, making up over 90% by mass of the Earth's crust.

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Silicate minerals

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The eight most common elements on the earth’s crust (by mass)

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Oxygen

Sillicon

Aluminum

Iron

Calcium

Sodium

Potassium

Magnesium

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Minerals are classified according to their

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chemical composition.

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physical properties of minerals, such as their

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hardness, luster, color, cleavage, fracture and relative density, can be used to identify minerals.

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are the essential building blocks of the geosphere.

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Minerals and rocks

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usuallycalled silica, is one of the mostcommon minerals in the Earth's crust.

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Quartz

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is a sodium-or calcium-rich feldspar.

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Plagioclase feldspar

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is another member of the family of feldspar minerals. Potassium aluminum silicate (K,Na)AlSi3O8)

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Alkali feldspar

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are a family of silicate minerals, made up of varying amounts of potassium,

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Micas

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are a family of silicate minerals.generally contain iron, magnesium, calcium and aluminum as well as silicon, oxygen, and water.

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Amphiboles

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are a family of silicate minerals. generally contain magnesium, iron, calcium and aluminum as well as silicon and oxygen.

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Pyroxenes

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is a silicate mineral

is made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

generally white to clear, and is easily scratched with knife

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Olivine

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are naturally occurring aggregates of minerals, rock fragments or organicmatter.

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Rocks

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rocks are classified into three maintypes

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igneous

sedimentary

metamorphic

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rocks form when hot, molten rock (magma) cools and solidifies

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Igneous Rocks

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are formed from the eroded fragments of pre-existing rocks, or from the skeletal fragments of once-living plants or organisms.

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Sedimentary Rocks

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Sedimentary rocks are sub-divided into three groups,

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clastic, biological and chemical.

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are made up of fragments (clasts) of pre-existing rocks.

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Clastic sedimentary rocks

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form when large quantities of living plants or organisms die and accumulate

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Biological sedimentary rocks

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are formed by chemical precipitation from solutions.

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Chemical sedimentary rocks

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are formed when a pre-existing rock is subject to high temperature, high pressure, hot and mineral-rich fluid, or a combination of these conditions.

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Metamorphic rocks

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exhibit a platy or sheet-like structure.

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Foliated metamorphic rocks

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display a massive structure.

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Non-foliated metamorphic rocks

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minerals of the original rock may be replaced by new metamorphic minerals, such as micas (platy minerals) and amphibole (a prismatic mineral).

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Schist and Phyllite

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is composed of crystalline calcite minerals

Pure marble is in white or creamy color, but impure marble may be light grey to bluish grey

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Marble

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is a conceptual model that explains how geological processes acting on any one of the three main rock types

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Rock Cycle

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can change one rock type to another over geological time.

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sedimentary and metamorphic

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is the driving force of the Rock Cycle

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Plate tectonics

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Clastic sedimentary rocks

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(Siltstone, Sandstone and Conglomerate)