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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drive
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State of arousal/tension that motivatesbehaviors; ex. Hunger, thirst
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Theory thatmotivated behavior is an attempt to reduce a state of tension/arousal in thebody and return the body to a state of balance |
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Homeostasis
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Balance; stability;part of the drive-reduction theory; when individual functions effectivelybecause drives are met |
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Incentive
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external stimulusthat motivates behavior; do not need to be aware of it to happen; does not haveto be primary or an active, cognitive secondary drive; ex. Bakery, impulsebuys, advertisements, Krispy Kreme |
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IntrinsicMotivation
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Internalmotivation; completing the activity because it please you; ex. Singing,reading, crosswords, etc.; some people turn these things into extrinsicmotivations like jobsà but this is rare |
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ExtrinsicMotivation
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Externalmotivation; completion of activity because of the consequence: reward or toavoid punishment; ex. Job, chores, school assignment, etc. |
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Primary Drive
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Unlearned; found inall animals and humans; motivates behavior that is vital to the survival of theindividual/species; hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, BR needs |
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Set Point
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Idea that your bodyreturns to a preprogrammed weight; this occurs naturally (after dieting andother events) |
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Anorexia Nervosa
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eating disorder;severe weight loss accompanied by obsessive worrying about weight gain despitethe fact the person is 10-15% below normal body weight; symptoms include:absence of 3 menstrual periods (females), distorted body image, intense fear ofweight gain, dull eyes, baggy skin, dull hair, sallow skin, listlessness,overexercises, obsession about amount of food eaten; Onset: early adolescence,more white middle-class females; often comorbid with OCD |
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Bulimia Nervosa
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eating disorder;recurrent episodes of binging and purging (massive eating in private, hidingout then throwing up or laxative usage), looks normal in weight (often) and isobsessed with maintaining weight not necessarily losing weight ; symptomsinclude: bruising on hand, suspicious behavior, binging/purging, smell fromskin and mouth, lank hair, rotting teeth (eventually), puffy skin; Onset: lateadolescence, more white middle-class females, but rising in white males |
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Testosterone
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steroid hormonefrom the androgen group; in both men and women, testosterone plays a key rolein health and well-being as well as in sexual functioning; Examples includeenhanced libido, increased energy, increased production of red blood cells andprotection against osteoporosis. |
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Pheromones
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External stimuli;like primary drive, affects sex drive in animals; indirect evidence suggeststhat humans secrete pheromones to promote sexual pheromones to promote sexualreadiness in potential partners; in sweat glands of armpits and genitals |
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Stimulus Motive
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Unlearned;responsive to external stimuli; pushes us to investigate, and often change,environment; ex. Curiosity, exploration, manipulation, and contact; males morelikely to be aggressive probably because of socialization; collectivisticcultures are more likely to seek compromise |
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Social Motive
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Learned; need tofulfill intimacy and achievement through relationships; not to be confused withaffiliation (need to be around people) |
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Aggression
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Behavior aimed atinflicting physical or psychological harm; intent is key element; ex. Roadrage, passive aggressive acts, hitting |
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Achievement Motive
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measured by Work& Family Orientation (WOFO) Scales; need to excel or overcome obstacles;often in areas of work, mastery, and competiveness; ex. GPA, award winners,standardized test scores (high), etc. |
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Power Motive
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Learned; need to bepraised by those in authority or power |
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Affiliation Motive
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Need to be withothers; anxious if isolated; affiliation increases if danger appears (spirit decorps-being with a sympathetic group); cant be alone; interplay of biological& environmental factors |
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Evidences arousaltheory; the more complex a task, the lower level of arousal that can betolerated without interference before the performance deteriorates; ex. used inclass-driving to school, driving angry, finding a new location, boiling an egg |
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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1920s; theory ofemotion; processing emotions and bodily response occur simultaneously; ex. Isee a bear, I feel afraid and my heart is racing |
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James-Lange Theory
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1880s; WilliamJames and Carl Lange; theory of emotion; stimuli in environment cause physiologicalchange in bodies, then emotion comes; ex. I see a bear which cause my heart torace, and then I become afraid |
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Cognitive Theory
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Perception ofsituations that is essential to emotional experiences; Cannon-Bard is anexample; experience depends on one's perception of how to interpret arousal |
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Display Rules
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facial expressionsof primary emotions; fairly constant from one culture to another, yet peoplestill get confused; refer to circumstances which it is appropriate for peopleto show emotions; ex. during surgical procedure Americans show true emotionsbut Japanese withhold emotions |
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Two Factor Theoryof Emotion
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Schacter &Singer (1962); cognitive theory; there are bodily emotions, but we use theemotions/information to tell us how to reaction in the situation; only when wethink, recognize, do we experience the emotion |
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Explicit Acts
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Nonverbal cues toemotion; gestures; but can be misconstrued, ex. crying over onions, laugh atwrong time |
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Emotional Labor
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Sociological innature; Hochschild (1983); jobs, typically held by females, often have theemployees regulate, manage, or alter emotional expression; likely due toservice or helping occupations |
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Plutchik's 3D model
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1980; 8 basicemotions-fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, &acceptance; helps adjust to demands of environment; model illustrates howemotions are more alike to those situated near it than those farther away(circle) _; varies with intensity |
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Hierarchy of Needs
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humanism; Marlow;graduation of primitive motives to more sophisticated, complex (human needs);higher motives only emerge after basic are fulfilled; Stages-physiological,safety, belonging/love (sometimes a separate stage), esteem, andself-actualization |
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Contact Studies
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Harlow; Rhesusmonkeys; created surrogate mothers (bare wire and terry cloth); baby monkeyschoose cloth 'mothers' over nourishment |
