Dyskinesias With Morris Wiman

Front 1

These are a collection of gray matter nuclei deep in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

Back 1

Basal ganglia

Front 2

These two structures make up the striatum.

Back 2

Caudate

Putamen

Front 3

This nucleus is comprised of the putamen and the globus pallidus.

Back 3

Lenticular nucleus

Front 4

What are the four nuclei of the basal ganglia?

Back 4

Striatum

Lenticular nucleus

Substantia nigra

Subthalamic nucleus

Front 5

All inputs from the cortex into the putamen are excitatory/inhibitory and use ____________ as their neurotransmitter.

Back 5

Excitatory, glutamate

Front 6

Dopaminergic nigrostriatal input are excitatory/inhibitory.

Back 6

Both; D1 = excitatory (direct), D2 = inhibitory (indirect)

Front 7

Outputs of the basal ganglia are all excitatory/inhibitory and use _____________ as their neurotransmitter.

Back 7

inhibitory, GABA

Front 8

Outputs from the basal ganglia arise from these two nuclei.

Back 8

Globus pallidus (internal segment)

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

Front 9

Motor to the head and neck receives output from this nucleus.

Back 9

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

Front 10

Motor to the body (aside from the head and neck) receives output from this basal ganglia.

Back 10

Globus pallidus

Front 11

The globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata both synapse on these thalamic nuclei before going to the motor cortex.

Back 11

Ventral lateral nucleus

Ventral anterior nucleus

Front 12

State the course of the direct pathway through the basal ganglia.

Back 12

Cortex --> striatum --> globus pallidus internal --> VA/VL thalamic nuclei --> motor cortex --> lateral corticospinal tract

Front 13

Cortical projections use __________ to excite neurons of the striatum in the direct pathway.

Back 13

Glutamate

Front 14

Striatal neurons use _____________ to inhibit neurons of the GPi.

Back 14

GABA

Front 15

The stimulation of striatal neurons on GPi excites/inhibits the neurons of GPi, which in turn ramps up/slows down firing of neurons in the VA/VL of the thalamus.

Back 15

Inhibits, ramps up

Front 16

What is the net effect of excitatory input involved in the direct pathway?

Back 16

Excitation of the thalamus

Front 17

State the course of the indirect pathway.

Back 17

Cortex --> striatum --> GPe --> subthalamic nuclei --> GPi --> VA/VL --> motor cortex --> lateral corticospinal tract

Front 18

In the indirect pathway, the striatum ramps up/tones down inhibitory neurons to the GPe, which in turn excites/inhibits the neurons of the subthalamic nuclei, which excites/inhibits the neurons of the GPi, which excites/inhibits firing of the VA/VL nuclei.

Back 18

Turns down, excites, excites, inhibits

Front 19

The GPi uses _____________ to affect the VA/VL nuclei of the thalamus.

Back 19

GABA (inhibitory)

Front 20

The direct/indirect pathway facilitates the appropriate movement while the direct/indirect pathway inhibits unnecessary movement.

Back 20

Direct, indirect

Front 21

Both direct and indirect pathways affect the ipsilateral/contralateral cortex and the ipsilateral/contralateral limb.

Back 21

Ipsilateral cortex, contralateral limb

Front 22

What is responsible for the production of dopamine?

Back 22

Substantia nigra pars compacta

Front 23

Dopamine stimulates the direct pathway through __ receptors.

Back 23

D1

Front 24

Dopamine inhibits the indirect pathway through __ receptors.

Back 24

D2

Front 25

The ultimate effect of dopamine (via the direct and indirect pathways) is to increase/decrease motor activity.

Back 25

Increase

Front 26

ACh is produced by cholinergic neurons in the ________.

Back 26

Striatum

Front 27

ACh synapses on _____ striatal neurons that project to the direct and indirect pathways.

Back 27

GABA

Front 28

ACh stimulates/inhibits the direct pathway and stimulates/inhibits the indirect pathway.

Back 28

Inhibits, stimulates

Front 29

ACh stimulates striatal neurons' input to the GPe, which in turn inhibits neurons to the __________ of the indirect pathway, resulting in a disinhibitory affect.

Back 29

STN

Front 30

What is the net effect of ACh signaling in the basal ganglia?

Back 30

Decrease motor activity

Front 31

Parkinson's is a hyperkinetic/hypokinetic disorder.

Back 31

Hypokinetic

Front 32

Where is the lesion involved with Parkinson's?

Back 32

Substantia nigra pars compacta

Front 33

Parkinson's involves a decrease in the signalling of the _________ pathway.

Back 33

Direct

Front 34

In Parkinson's, there is no inhibitory effect on the indirect pathway through the __ receptor, resulting in an unopposed/increased effect of ACh.

Back 34

D2

Front 35

This refers to the wild flinging of extremities.

Back 35

Hemiballism

Front 36

Hemiballism is the result of a lesion to the _____, which results in no excitation of the GPi.

Back 36

STN

Front 37

Huntington's is due to the degeneration of ________ neurons of the caudate/putamen.

Back 37

Striatal

Front 38

______________neurons are severely affected in early adult onset of Huntington's. This results in the removal of inhibition from the GPe, which typically stimulates the STN and reduces movement.

Back 38

Enkephalin

Front 39

What are the four dorsal striatal pathways?

Back 39

Motor

Oculomotor

Prefrontal

Limbic

Front 40

This dorsal striatal pathway influences the motor cortex and descending motor systems.

Back 40

Motor

Front 41

This dorsal striatal pathway is involved in the function and regulation of eye movement.

Back 41

Oculomotor

Front 42

This dorsal striatal pathway is involved in cognitive functions involving the frontal lobe.

Back 42

Prefrontal

Front 43

This dorsal striatal pathway is involved with the regulation of emotion and motivational drives.

Back 43

Limbic