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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Metastatic calcification?
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This occurs when there is too much calcium in the blood stream and the body starts depositing it in soft tissues.
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What is Dystrophic Calcification?
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This occurs at normal levels of blood calcium, but is due to trauma to the tissues that leads to calcification.
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What type of calcification occurs as a result of hypercalcemia and an elevated pH?
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Metastatic calcification
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What is more common in the abdomen? Metastatic or dystrophic calcification?
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Dystrophic calcification
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What are the four types of calcifications that show up on radiographs?
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1) Concretions
2) Conduit wall 3) Cyst wall 4) Mass |
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Phleboliths are considered what type of calcification?
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Concretion
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Injection granuloma are considered what type of calcification?
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Mass
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Whats something you need to worry about if you see a porcelain gallbladder?
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Considered premalignant
10-20% go on to develop gallbladder carcinoma (they are generally prophylactically removed) |
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What is the second most common sight for abdominal arterial calcification?
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Iliac Arteries
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What represents a calcified mass that forms in a tubular or hollow structure?
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Concretion
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Calcification of the Vas Deferens is commonly associated with what condition?
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Diabetes
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What are some locations that you can see concretions in the abdomen?
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Appendix (Appendocolith)
Gallbladder (Cholelithiasis) Pancreas (Pancreatic Calculi) Phleboliths Prostate (Prostatic Calculi) Kidneys (Renal stones) |
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What is the most common calcification in the pelvis?
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Phleboliths
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What is the percent of renal stones that calcify?
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85-90%
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What is the radiographic sign often seen with gall stones?
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Bag of Diamonds
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what is the most common site for conduit wall calcifications?
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Arterial Walls
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What is the most common site for abdominal arterial calcification?
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Abdominal Aorta
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What is the percent of gallstones that calcify?
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10-15%
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What is a large stone that occupies the renal collecting system forming a "cast" of the major calyces and renal pelvis?
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Staghorn Calculus
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What is Pancreatic Calculi usually caused from?
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Pancreatitis secondary to chronic alcoholism
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Is calcification of the abdominal aorta a contraindication to adjusting?
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No
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How distended must the Aorta be to be suggestive of an aneurysm?
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>3.8 cm
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What type of calcifications are seen within the wall of an abdominal fluid-filled structure?
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Cyst wall
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What are the most common causes of mesenteric lymph node calcifications?
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Histoplasmosis and Tuberculosis
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Abdominal Aorta calcifications are most commonly found where?
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Below the renal arteries
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What type of cancer can a procelain gallbladder turn into?
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Adenocarcinoma
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What type of calcification is the largest to ever be removed from a human?
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Mass Calcification
(Teratoma) 303 pounds!! |
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What is the etiology for the development of cysts within our organs?
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Fecal-oral contamination
DON'T EAT POOP! |
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What do dermoid cysts contain?
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tissue from all three dermal layers, Hair, teeth, and fat.
1% might go on to degrade into squamous cell carcinoma. |
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What are the most common causes of calcified Abdominal Aorta? (3 of them)
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1) Smoking
2) Diabetes 3) Hypertension |
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What imaging modality would you order if you suspected an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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Ultrasound and CT
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if you had pain in the upper right quadrant, you would be looking for?
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Gall stones
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if you had pain in the lower right quadrant, you would be looking for?
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Appendocholith
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if you had flank pain, you would be looking for?
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Renal stones
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What is the most common cause of renal stones?
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Chronic low level dehydration or infection.
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Pleural effusion caused by an imbalance between venous and arterial pressure and pressure within the pleural space is what type of effusion?
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Transudate
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What is the most common cause of valvular disease in underdeveloped countries?
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Rheumatic Fever
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What can loculated pleural effusion cause?
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Pseudotumor
As the fluid is absorbed, it may be referred to as a "vanishing" or "phantom" tumor |
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What measurement should the area between the lung and the gastric air bubble be?
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no greater than 1 cm
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How do you best see free pleural effusion?
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Take a decubitus x-ray
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What is the most common cause for a thoracic aneurysm?
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Atherosclerosis
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Where do you most often find free pleural effusion?
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The gravity dependant portions of the lungs
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What is a saccular aneurysm?
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involves part of the circumference of the vessel
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Pleural effusion caused by inflammation, infection, cancer, pneumonia, TB, and embolism is what type of effusion?
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Exudate
Blood -> Hemothorax Pus -> Empyema Chyle -> Chylothorax |
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What is subpulmonic effusion?
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Fluid that is trapped between the lung and the diaphragms.
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whats the most common cause of pulmonary edema?
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Congestive Heart Failure
(Usually from left ventricular failure) |
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what is a fusiform aortic aneurysm?
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Involves the entire circumference of the vessel
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what is the most common type of pulmonary edema?
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Hemodynamic
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what is the congenital narrowing of the aorta?
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Coarctation of the Aorta
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what are two radiographic signs seen with coarctation of the Aorta?
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Figure 3 sign
Rib notching |
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What is a true Aneurysm?
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involves all three layers of the artery
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Whats the most common cause of congestive heart failure?
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Coronary artery disease
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what is an Aortic dissection?
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A tear between the tunica intima and the tunica media
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What is one of the main clinical sign of coarctation of the aorta?
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increased blood pressure (pulses) in the upper extremities while decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities.
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What is a false Aneurysm?
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Disrupts arterial walls but are contained by the surrounding connective tissue.
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What are some radiographic findings that are often seen with an interstitial pulmonary edema?
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Peribronchial cuffing
Kerly's B lines - horizontal lines found in the basilar portions of the lungs, and are usually about 1-2 cm. Meniscus Sign Subpulmonic |
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what is the number one make up of a gall stone?
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Cholesterol
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where to Leiomyomas usually occur?
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Smooth muscle of the uterus
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Whats the most common cause for a spontaneous pneumoperatinum?
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perforated ulcer
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what are the linings of the small bowel?
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Valvulae Conniventes
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What are the linings of the stomach?
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Rugae
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What are the linings of the large intestine?
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Haustra
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What is it when small bowel tries to force the obstruction out by strong peristaltic contractions?
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Dynamic Ileus
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What is it when the bowel becomes exhausted and stops all peristalsis?
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Adynamic Ileus
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What is the most common Inguinal hernia?
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Indirect
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What is the most common chest wall abnormality?
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pectus excavatum
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What is eventration
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Elevated right hemi-diaphragm due to congenital weakness.
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What is an bronchogram?
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Normal air in a bronchi that is seen because it is surrounded by an area of consolidation.
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What is an air crescent sign?
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an air fluid level seen in the lungs. this develops from a mass that has necrosed and cavitated.
(always a sign of progression) |
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what is the most common neoplasm to cavitate?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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What is a silhouette sign?
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loss of normal anatomical silhouette due to the fact that a disease is of the same water density and in anatomical contact.
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What is a mass outside the lung pressing into the pleura creating a convexity towards the lung?
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Extrapleural sign
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What is another name for the extrapleural sign?
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Cat under the rug sign
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When would you see the "S" sign of golden?
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collapse of the right upper lobe that normally produces a migration of the minor fissure in a superior direction.
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What is a figure 3 sign associated with?
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coarctation of the aorta
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What causes a sail sign?
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The right lobe of an enlarged thymus
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What are the four types of Atelectasis?
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O - Obstructive
P - Passive A - Adhesive C - Cicatrization |
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What type of atelectasis is associated with a decrease in surfactant?
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Adhesive
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What type of atelectasis is associated with scar tissue
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Cicatrizational
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What type of atelectasis is associated with a pneumothorax?
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Passive
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What type of atelectasis is associated with something blocking or obstructing an airway?
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Obstructive
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What is obstructive atelectasis also known as?
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Resorptive
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What is the only direct sign associated with atelectasis?
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deviation of a fissure
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When you have a solitary pulmonary nodule, what is your differential?
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Bronchogenic carcinoma
Granuloma hamartoma Matastatic disease Inflammatory nodule |
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What is the most common radiographic finding for a hamartoma?
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Popcorn calcification
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what is the most common benign tumor of the lung?
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Hamartoma
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What percentage of patients have benign tumors in the lungs?
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2%
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What is the differential for consolidation?
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Blood, pus, water, protein, cells
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What is the differential for interstitial?
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Life lines
L - Lymphangetic carcinoma I - Inflammation, Infection F - Fibrosis E - Edema, Emphysema |
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What is digital clubbing associated with?
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Hypoxia or COPD
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What are your characteristics of emphysema?
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Flattened hemi-diaphragm
blunted costophrenic angles elongated heart hyperlucency widening of the ribs |
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what is the difference between pneumoconiosis and Extrengic allergic alviolitis?
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EAA is organic material
pneumoconiosis is inorganic material |
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What are the three malignant pneumoconiosis?
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Asbestosis
silicosis coal miners |
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What radiographic sign is most associated with free pleural effusion?
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meniscus sign
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What is a follow up procedure that should be done if you suspect free pleural effusion?
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Lateral decubitus x-ray
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What is sarcoid?
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Autoimmune non-caseating granulomas
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What patients are most likely susceptible to sarcoid?
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first highest is Black women
second highest is Hispanic population |
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what are the stages and signs associated with them of sarcoid?
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Stage 0 - no radiographic findings, but positive lab findings
Stage 1 - potato nodes, and the 1-2-3 sign (right paratracheal bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy) Stage 2 - Hilar lymphadenopathy and interstitial markings Stage 3 - just interstitial Stage 4 - honeycomb lung or fibrosis |
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What is the best way to diagnose sarcoid?
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Biopsy
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What percentage of patients with sarcoid go on to stage 4?
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20-25%
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What is KUB?
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Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder
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What is the KvP i would use to find kidney stones?
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70
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What is the KvP you would use if you're looking for a renal mass?
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90
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What radiographic finding is associated with pleural asbestosis?
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Calcification over the hemi-diaphragms
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What is your differential for a snowstorm appearance on the chest x-ray?
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miliary TB
Silicosis metastatic carcinoma |
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What malignancy do we associate with asbestos?
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mesothelioma
Bronchogenic Carcinoma |
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where is mesothelioma found?
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in the pleural spaces
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What are your anterior medastinal lesions?
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TTTH
Teratoma Thyoma Thyroidoma Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
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What things create egg-shell calcifications?
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sarcoid
silicosis post-radiation of Hodgkin's |
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What is the doubling time for a malignant mass?
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30 days to 18 months (clinically 2 years)
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What is the doubling time for an infectious mass?
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less than 30 days
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what are the four cell types of bronchogenic carcinoma?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma Large cell carcinoma |
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Which cell types are usually found in the central portions of the lungs?
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Squamous cell and small cell
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Which cell types are usually found in the periphery of the lungs?
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Adenocarcinoma and Large cell
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Which one is the most common cell type of bronchogenic carcinoma?
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Adenocarcinoma
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Which cell type is associated with non-smokers?
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adenocarcinoma
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Which cell type is associated with cushings?
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small cell
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Which cell type carries the worst prognosis?
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small cell
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Which cell type is associated with smoking?
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Squamous cell
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Which cell type is most common to cavitate?
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Squamous cell
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Which cell type is associated with a pancoast tumor?
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squamous cell
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Which cell type is most common to invade the thoracic wall?
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squamous cell
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What are the fungal brothers?
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Histoplasmosis
Coccidioplasmosis Blastomycosis Sarcoid |
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Post primary TB is most often associated with what?
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right lung apex
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What radiographic finding is associated with primary TB?
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Ranke complex-
peripheral granuloma with hilar calcifications in the lymph nodes |
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most common cause for bacterial pneumonia?
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Strep pneumonia (pneumococcal pneumonia)
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most common diseases associated with empyema?
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staph and TB
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What is the most common broncho-pneumonia?
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staph
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most common nosicomial infection?
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staph
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most common community acquired infection?
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strep
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most common cause for atypical pneumonia?
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mycoplasma pneumonia
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What color does a gram negative bacteria stain? and gram positive?
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Pink
Blue |
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most common fracture of the cervical spine?
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posterior arch of C1
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Whats the mechanism of injury of a posterior arch fracture of C1?
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Hyperextension
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Whats the most common mechanism of injury for spinal fractures in general?
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Hyperflexion
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What are signs of a new compression fracture on film?
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Step defect
disruption of the cortex zone of impaction |
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What is the most common elbow fracture in an adult?
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Radial head fracture
(chisel fracture) |
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what is the most common shoulder dislocation?
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subcoracoid (anterior)
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What three fractures do we associate with anterior shoulder dislocation?
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Flap fracture (avulsion of the greater tuberocity)
Hill-sacs/Hatchet (Posterior lateral impaction of the humerus) Bankart fracture (anterior labral injury, can be bony or strictly cartilaginous) |
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What is the difference in the mechanism of injury between a unilateral and a bilateral facet?
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Unilateral facet is hyperflexion and rotation
Bilateral facet is just hyperflexion |
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What is a clay shoveler's fracture?
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Avulsion of a spinous process of a lower cervical vertebra. (stable)
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Dancers/Jones fracture is a fracture of what bone?
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Head of the 5th metatarsal
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What muscle is involved in a dancers fracture?
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Peronius Brevis
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What is an insufficiency fracture?
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Abnormal bone with normal stresses
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What is a stress(fatigue) fracture?
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Normal bone with abnormal stresses.
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What is a diastatic fracture?
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separation of a slightly immovable joint
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Whats the upper limits of the pubic symphysis in a non-pregnant female?
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8mm
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What muscle causes an avulsion of the ASIS?
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Sartorius
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What muscle causes an avulsion of the AIIS?
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Rectus femoris
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What muscle causes an avulsion of the ischial tuberocity? (causes a riders bone)
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Hamstrings
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What muscle causes an avulsion of the superior top of the pubic symphysis?
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Adductors
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What muscle causes an avulsion of the Iliac crest?
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QL
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Whats a Segond fracture?
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avulsion of the lateral tibia at the insertion of the TFL
(significant for ACL injuries) |
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What is a maisonneuva's fracture?
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Injury of the ankle with a fracture of the proximal fibula.
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Where is the Lisfranc joint?
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Tarsometatarsal
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What is a divergent Lisfranc dislocation?
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lateral dislocation of 2-5th digits
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What is a convergent Lisfranc dislocation?
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Lateral dislocation of 1-5th digits
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What is the difference between type 2 and 3 AC joint separations?
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Type 3 has disruption of the coracoclavicular ligament
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What is the radiographic finding associated with non-accidental trauma?
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Multiple fractures in different stages of healing.
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