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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antigen
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- composed of proteins or large polysaccharides
- Elicits an immune response |
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Specific Immunity Primary Response
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Extremely specific
adaptation period 1st encounter with Antigen |
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4 "hallmarks" of specific immunity
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1. specificity
2. diversity; immune system can recognize up to 10 million different problems 3. learned response (adaptation) - takes time, accumulated knowledge increases over time 4. memory; fully adapts to a specific antigen/chemical |
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How long is the memory phase believed to last?
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Lifetime of the host
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What elicits the primary response
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Primary exposure
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Specific Immunity Secondary response
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Long term memory
rapid and powerful |
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What triggers the secondary response
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any exposure after the primary exposure
at the moment of exposure, the body identifies the antigen as Non-Self and starts to work and produce antibodies |
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IgG
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*Smallest Antibody
*most abundant, 80% of total serum antibody *highest longevity *can cross the placenta and get to the fetus to protect fetus/newborn *located in Blood, lymph, intestine *half life 23 days *enhances phagocytosis *neutralizes toxins and viruses |
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IgM
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*Largest Antibody
*Pentameter *first antibody produced during immune response *5-10% of total serum antibody *found in blood, lymph, B cell surface as a monomer *esp effective vs microorganisms and agglutinating antigens |
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Ig
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Immunoglobin
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Abs
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Antibodies
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Antibody
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Globulin proteins, aka immunoglobulins (Ig)
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Antibody Structure
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- Y shaped
- 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains for the top and are connected by disulfide bonds at the Hinge Region 3 - The stem, or Fc Region, is made up of Constant Region and is the same for all antibodies 4 - the two top ends are the Variable Region, made of amino acids and form the two antigen-binding sites which differ from molecule to molecule |
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What is the minimum number of binding arms an antibody can have?
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2
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Epitope
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The specific region on an antigen with which the antibody interacts
(antigenic determinant) |
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Valence
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The number of antigen binding sites an antibody has
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Haptens
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a molecule too small to stimulate antibody formation by itself, it requires being combined with a carrier molecule
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Naive Lymphocytes
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Never encounter their antigen
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Antigen binding site
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Where antibodies attach to antigens
has a specific shape to recognize different antigens |
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Agglutination
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The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody. The antibody or other molecule binds multiple particles and joins them, creating a large complex.
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IgG functions
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Agglutination
precipitation opsonization ADCC complement fixation |
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IgM functions
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Agglutination
precipitation complement fixation leads to opsonization and inflammation |
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Secretory IgA
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*produced where secretions happen
*secreted into saliva, milk, mucus etc *10-15% of total antibody serum *resists enzymatic degradation *lysozyme and IgA in tears is VERY protective *protects mucus membranes *produced by plasma cells in the mucus membrane |
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In a newborn, are lymphocytes abundant?
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No, newborns have little to no lymphocytes
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Why is IgA being present in breast milk important?
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Children are not born with IgA in their GI tract and Saliva, when they ingest the mothers milk containing IgA, the IgA reaches and protects those areas
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Humeral
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Fluid
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IgE
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*Monomer
*.002% total serum antibody *found bound to mast and basophil cells throughout body, blood *2 day half life *functions during allergic reactions *possibly lysis of parasitic worms |
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Where do B Cells complete maturation?
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Bone marrow
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Where do T Cells complete maturation?
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Thiamus in youth
Lymphnodes in adults |
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When do B Cells mature?
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When their specific antigen comes and triggers maturation
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Colonial Selection leads to.....
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sub populations
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Colonial Selection
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1. proliferation: increase in number of cells (memory or plasma cells)
2. differentiation: effector cell (WBC) to plasma cells (WBC producing lots of antibodies) |
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T(H)
don't know how to do the subscript |
T Helper Cell
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T-Dependent Antigen
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Any Antigen that requires T(H) cell for antibody production
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Agglutination (protective nature)
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Enhances phagocytosis and reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with
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Opsonization (protective outcome)
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Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
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Neutralization (protective outcome)
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Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa
Blocks active site of toxin |
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Activation of Complement (protective outcome)
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Cell lysis
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Inflammation (protective outcome)
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Disruption of cell by complement/reactive protein attracts phagocytic and other defensive immune system cells
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Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (protective outcome)
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Antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by non-specific immune system cells
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ADCC
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touch killing of large parasites
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NK
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*Natural Killer
*also touch kill large parasites (too large for phagocytosis) *antibody attach first, then calls eosinophis which eliminate via touch-kill - release perferin to perforate the parasite *destroy Ab coated infected or tumor cells and parasites by touch-killing under 2 circumstances: 1. Fc receptors on NK cells bind to attached Ab on cells 2. Host cells do not have MHC markers proclaiming "self" |
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MCHI
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Major Histocompatibility Complex
*every nucleated cell has the same MCHI (which is unique to each person), same on each cell within that person *markers are different in each person *for transplants, they test the similarity of MCHI |
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MCHII
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*found on the surface of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
1. Macrophage - ingest, collect, process, present antigen 2. Dendritic Cells - ingest, collect, process, present antigen 3. B Cells - hold antigens in the surface |
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Perforin (role in touch-kill)
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Creates holes (when released by the Cytotoxic T Cells) in the infected cell which allow proteases entry into cytoplasm indecent apoptosis
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Phagocytosis
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The engulfment, destruction and release of foreign microbes in mammilians
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Cytotoxicity
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the quality of being toxic to cells
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Which immunoglobulin is highest with allergies?
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IgE. Antigens that trigger allergies also trigger allergens and excessive release of histamines
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What are 3 APCs?
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(antigen producing cells)
1. macrophage 2. Dendritic Cells 3. B Cells |
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What is the main function of MHC I
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Defines all cells in the body as "self"
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Where is MHC II located on APCs?
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on the surface
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Can the Touch-Kill process be mediated by T(C) cells?
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Yes
T(C) - cytotoxic |
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What is the role of the T(H) cell
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*judge of self/non-self
*has receptors *only recognize one antigen per cell *non self recognition goes to clonal selection *self recognition undergoes clonal deletion and leads to self tolerance |
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T(C) cell
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C= cytoxis
specific immunoresponse ONLY touch-killing of body cells (leads to apoptosis does not require a T(H) cell recognition |
