Dsst Management Information Systems

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Information Systems (IS)

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Refers to all the processes, people, equipment, policies, and data that are needed to get information to where it is needed within an organization.

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Information Technology

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Computers, fax machines, telephone systems, and other equipment used to make the transfer of information easier.

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Computer Information System (CIS)

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An information system that includes a computer

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Management Information System (MIS)

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Organizes information in ways useful to those making management decisions

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Transaction Processing Systems (TPSs)

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Used to regulate and facilitate transactions, includes fail-safes and test to help ensure that all of an organizations transactions are completed without error

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Bit (b)

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Unit of data used by a computer

A binary digit, either zero or one

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Byte (B)

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Eight bits grouped together

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Kilobytes (K or KB)

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1024 bytes

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Megabyte (M or MB)

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1024 kilobytes

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Gigabyte (G or GB)

or

"gig"

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1024 megabytes

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Access Time

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The length of time between a request for information and the output from the system. Often given in milliseconds (ms).

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Random-Access Memory (RAM)

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A measure of the amount of temporary memory a computer has for data processing

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Read-Only Memory (ROM)

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Memory that can be read from, but not written to

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Write Once, Read Many (WORM) memory

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Allows data to be saved to and read from, but not deleted or edited

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Computer Application

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A single system within a computer that performs a related set of tasks

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Input Function

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Allows new data to be entered into the system

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Storage Function

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Holds the inputted data

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Processing Function

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Allows users to manipulate stored data

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Output Function

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allows stored or manipulated data to be accessed

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Recursive

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Require input from previous iterations of the equation

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Query

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A request for specific information based on data in the system

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Detail Report

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Lists the complete information generated by the data after the processing function

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Summary Report

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Shows the totals for each group of data, but excludes the details

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Exception Report

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Shows data that is excluded from specific criteria

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Scheduled Report

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Prepared automatically at specific time intervals

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Demand Reports

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Only generated by the system upon user request

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Ad Hoc Report

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Only prepared once

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Software

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The programs that control the hardware

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Human Resource Components

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The people who run the system and the policies that the organization has in place for the access and use of the system.

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Personnel Aspect

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Includes everyone who inputs or accesses the data in the system, uses he hardware or software, or influences the IS policies

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Data

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The facts that the system inputs, stores, processes, and outputs

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Information

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Data in a useful form

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Operations Management

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Decisions that affect the daily functioning of the organization

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Middle Management

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Intermediate-term tactics and resources allocation

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Strategic Management

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Form the long-term lans for the organization

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System

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A construct that achieves defined goals by using resources

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Openness

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The free exchange of resources within the elements of a system

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Closed

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Subsystems that keep resources within the elements of a system

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Context level data flow diagram

(aka Environmental model)

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shows the boundaries and the openness/closedness of the entire system

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Processess

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actions that result in some sort of change

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Entities

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People, groups, or subsystems that enter or receive data or information

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Data flow

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The movement of data to or from a process or entity

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Level 0 diagram

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shows even more than the environmental diagram

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Data store

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Are databases, are digital and manual files, File from which data can be retrieved

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Child diagram

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Shows the processes of its parent diagram in greater detail

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Primitive process

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One that has not been diagrammed into its subprocesses

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Logical data flow diagrams

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show how the business operates

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Physical data flow diagrams

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Show how the actual or planned system will operate

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Input devices function

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puts data external to the system in a form the system can process

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Output device function

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converts the data internal to the system into a form useful outside of the computer

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Storage device function

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keeps the system's data available for processing

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Central processing unit

(CPU or "processor")

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The processing device that carries out the logical and arithmetic instructions from computer programs. Does computations using data in primary storage.

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Ergonomics

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The study of designing machines for more efficient and comfortable human use

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Mouse

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Consists of a ball or optical tracking device housed below a plastic case and controlled by the user's hand and arm motions

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Trackball

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A ball controlled by the user's fingers

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Trackpoints

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Small sticks between the keys of a keyboard

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Trackpads

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Screens that allow the user to control the cursor through the movement of their finger over the screen

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Pixels ("picture elements")

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the individual dots that form the screen display

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Screen resolution

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The number of pixels that can be displayed at one time

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Impact printers

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Produce an image on paper through striking a ribbon of ink.

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Nonimpact printers

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Distribute ink on paper through a method that does not involve striking.

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Ink-jet printers

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Spray small drops on paper

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Laser printers

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Spread toner on a metal drum using a laser. Paper is then rolled over the drum, transferring the image to the paper.

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Serial printers

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Print one character at a time. Their printing speed is measured in a characters per second (cps).

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Line printers

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Print an entire line at one time. Speed is measured in lines per minute (lpm).

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Page printers

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Print a page at a time. Speed is measured in pages per minute (ppm).

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Primary storage ("internal storage")

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Stores data and processing instructions for programs that are in use

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Binary representation

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Data is shown using only the digits 1 and 0

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American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

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Is a seven bit character system which assigns a number to 128 different characters, including uppercase and lowercase letters and punctuation marks. Common code used for binary representation

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Unicode

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Attempts to represent every possible written language and uses 8, 16, or 32 bit characters, meaning it can take up much more space than ASCII. Much broader character base.

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Secondary storage ("auxiliary storage")

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Stores data and programs that can be accessed by the computer, but are not being used at the time.

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Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

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One of two group of circuits in the CPU. Complete the logical and arithmetic processes

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Control unit

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The second group of circuits in the CPU.

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Machine code ("machine language")

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A low level programming language

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Microprocessors

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CPUs that use only one chip

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Multiprocessors

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Involve many CPUs

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Moore's law

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The number of transistors per square inch, or the data density, had approximately doubled every year. This was later revised to every 18 months as it speed up.

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Von Neumann acrchitecture

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The first theory to allow for a working memory, or stored program system, which we refer to today as RAM.

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Software ("programs")

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tell the computer how to interact with the storage, input, output, and processing hardware

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Natural languages

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Sets of rules, words, and symbols that allow communication between people.

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Programming languages

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Sets of rules, words, and symbols that allow users to communicate with the computer.

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Operation codes

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Simple logical and mathematical processes

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Operands

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Name what data is involved in the process

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Machine dependent

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Applications software that runs only on a particular type of computer

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Assembler

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translates assembly language into machine code

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Second generation programming language

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Assembly languages are second generation languages

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Third generation programming language

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Includes FORTRAN, COBOL, and C

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Compiler

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A program which translates an entire program into machine code, then executes the instructions

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Interpreter

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Translates individual instructions, allowing them to be executed individually by the computer

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Traditional languages

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One of two main types of third generation languages.Create lists of instructions for processing data.

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Object-oriented programming (O-O)

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One of two main types of third generation languages. Combines the processing instructions with the data

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Object

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Combination of data plus instructions

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Fourth generation languages (4GL)

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Makes it easier to write complicated mathematical processes

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Operating system

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Consists of several programs that oversee control of the computer hardware

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Process management function

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Involves starting, stopping, and monitoring programs

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Resource management function

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Involves assigning resources to each program that is running. Resources include access to primary and secondary storage, and to input and output devices

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Data management function

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controls the transfer of data between primary storage and hardware

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Virtual memory

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The ability to divide large programs into parts within secondary storage and only load one part at a time into primary storage. This allows programs to use less primary memory than if they were loaded completely.

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Multitasking

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The ability to execute more than one program at a time

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Multiple-User

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Allows more than one user to access the computer simultaneously

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Interactivity

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Allows users to process data as it is inputted, rather than having to wait for all the data to be prepared.

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Supervisor

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Determines if other operating system programs are needed

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Booting

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The act of loading the supervisor into primary storage

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User interface

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User is able to tell the computer what the do with this device

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Graphical user interface (GUI)

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An interface that uses icons and/or menus

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Groupware (Collaborative software)

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Programs of software which allow multiple people to access and use an application to achieve a common goal

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Information architecture

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The way information is grouped and navigated within a system

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Top-down information architecture

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The broad functioning of the system is considered first. Next, the high level structure is determined. Finally detailed attribute lists are constructed and relationships between entities are defined.

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Bottom-up information architecture

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Considers the details of individual entities first. Next, the designer considers specific functions of the system. Finally, the high level organization is analyzed and defined.

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Site maps

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High level diagrams that represent the hierarchy of a system.

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Personas

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Written studies of the end users of the system, used to determine system and user needs.

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Prototypes

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System models that show the functionality of a system, used to get user feedback before building the actual system.

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Content matrix

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Defines what information needs to be available at each interface level of the system, and how the different interface levels should relate.

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Interface design

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Techniques used to make the user experience easier

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Functional specifications

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The list of tasks the system must be able to perform

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User needs

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Goals external to the functional specifications, often based on personas

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System objectives

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Long-term goals for the system

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Individual information systems

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Those that accept inputted data from one user, then store, process and output the information for the same user.

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Worksheets

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Tables where each cell has a unique identifier - its row and column positions

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Text presentations

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Information includes letters, memos, and reports

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Graphical presentations

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Convey information using charts, graphs or diagrams

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Desktop publishing software

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Information may be presented through reports, newsletters, brochures, pamphlets or books

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Miltimedia publications

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Convey information through and combination of the following: sound, text, animation, video, or graphics

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User documentation

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Includes instructions for using the software implementation to solve the defined problem

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Developer documentation

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Meant for the person who created the software implementation

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Workgroup information system

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Used by several individuals who share a common function or goal

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Local area network (LAN)

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A computer network that links devices within a building or group of adjacent buildings.

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Wide area network (WAN)

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A computer network in which the computers connected may be far apart, generally having a radius of half a mile or more.

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Audio communication

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Communication usually by telephone

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Visual communication

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Communication often by video conferencing

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Document communication

("Data communication")

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The transfer of written information by electronic file transfer, electronic messaging, traditional mail, or fax.

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Groupware

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General term for collaborative software used with networked computers

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Electronic Messaging

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A specific type of document communication between group members at different locations and times. Ex: email, instant message. and forms

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Information sharing

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A type of document, audio, and/or visual communication between group members separated by location or time.

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Document Conferencing ("data" conferencing)

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Is related to information sharing, but used when group members are available to work at the same time.

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Whiteboard conferencing

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Group members are able to view the same document on different screens. Members can comment on documents and all group members can see the comments immediately.

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Application conferencing

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Users see the same document at the same time through the application program. Comments or changes made by one user are seen immediately by other members.

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Audioconferencing

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Allows one or more group member to talk about a project at the same time, even if they are in different locations.

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Electronic COnferencing

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A combination of videoconferencing and whiteboard conferencing, allowing users separated by distance to discuss particular documents while seeing each other's facial expressions.

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Electronic Meeting Systems (EMSs)

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Support meeting between group members who are in the same place at the same time.

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Group Calendaring and Scheduling applications

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Aid team coordination, allows users to create individual calenders and view calendars

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Workflow Management software

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Allows group members to schedule chunks of a large project. Users can see who is responsible for different tasks and review scheduling to make the project workflow more efficient.

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Control Totals

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Comparison of data before and after processing to locate possible errors

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Audit Trails

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Tracing data through a system, forwards (from input to output) or backwards (from output to input)

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Backup Procedures

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Sorting copies of important data on external media

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Recover Procedures

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Recreating system information after a failure by using data from backup media

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Order Entry systems

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Accept information from customers (input function), check the business inventory and customer credit (processing function), creates the sales order (output function) and updates customer and inventory data files (storage function).

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Billing Systems

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Uses sales order data (input function) to tally the order amount (processing function), produces an invoice (output function) and updates customer and inventory data files (storage function).

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Account Receivable systems

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Accepts involve and customer payment information (input function), calculates the new balance due (processing function) and produces a filing statement (output function). The system also updates account receivable and customer data files (storage).