Dsm Midterm

Front 1

aphasia

Back 1

deterioration in langauge functioning

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agnosia

Back 2

inability to recognize and identifiy familiar objects and people.

Front 3

Etiology

Back 3

Alzheimer's disease, picks disease , parkinson's disease and huntington's disease.

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schizophrenia

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positve symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behaviors. experiences alot of auditory hallucnations.

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Referential:

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believes that passages from books or newspapers or other messages are specifcally directed at her.

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Negative symptoms: .

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restricted range and intensity of emotions. affective flatenning9 reduced body language, expressionless face alogia(poverty of thought), avolition (restricted initation of goal directed behavior)

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five subtypes of schizophrenia

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paranoid, disorganized, catonic, residual, undifferentiated.

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Dopamine hypothesis

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schizophrenia due to excessive dopamine. Phenothiazineblock domanine recptors.

Front 9

Family factors of schizophrenic

Back 9

Schizophrenogenic mothers, martial schism and martial skew,emotial divorce and pseudomutaulity, double bind communication, high expressed emotion

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Social stress hypothesis

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poverty leads to stress which in turns causes schizophreina

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drift hypothesis

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disorder has significant negative effect on social and occupational functioning and as a result, they tend to drift into the wlower class.

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Treatmet:

Back 12

Phenothiazines. Colopromazine and haloperidol.Eliminates positve symptoms. however may excerbated negative symptoms.

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Family interventions for schizophrenia

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1. increasing family understanding of schizophrenia, 2. identify methods for reducing family stress, 3. enhancing social network, reducing conflicts between family members.

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Schizophreniform disorder

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symptoms are identical to those of schizophrenia except that the disturbance is present for at least one month but less than six months and impaired social occupatinal functioning though may occur is not required.

Front 15

delusional disurder

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presnese of one or more non bizzare delusions that last at least one month

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Subtypes of delusions

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Jealousy, erotonmanic, persecutory, somatic

Front 17

Brief psychotic disorder

Back 17

delusions, hallucnation, d/o speech for at least one day but less than one month with eventual return to full premorbid functioning.

Front 18

Major depressive episode

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loss of interest or enjoyment in activity and depressed mood for at least two weeks. Including, diminished intrest or pleasure, feelings of worthleness, psychomotor agitation or retardation, icnrease of appetite and significant change in weight

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manic episode

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period of one week or longer in whcih the mood is abnormally persistently elevated, expance or irrtiable during which three of the follwoing symptoms are present, Increased goal directed activity, or psychomotor agitation, flight of ideas, decrease need for sleep, grandiosity, restlesns, distractiablity, high risk behaviors.

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hypomanic episode

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Similar to manic episode except for it last s for atleast four days and is not sufficient enough to require hospitalization and does not cause impairment in functioning or psychotic symptoms

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Mixed episode.

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lats for at least one week, and involves rapidly alternating symptoms of manic and major depressive episodes. SEvere enought o cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization.

Front 22

Major depressive disorders

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presence of one or more major depressive episodes without a history of manic , hypomanic and mixed episodes. One MDE: major depressive disorder single episode: two or more MDE: major depressive disorder recurrent

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catecholamine hypothesis

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depression is due to deficiency in nopreprinephrine. Drugs that increase noperphrenine alleviate depression

Front 24

Depression and learned helplessnes

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depression occurs when individuals learned through exposure to uncontrollable events that responding to certain events is futile. When people believe that nothing they can do will alter the low probability of desirable outcomes, they experience helplessness and depression

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Beck's cognitive theory

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views depression as the result of negative, illogical self statements about oneself, current situation and the future. such statements relfect certain cognitive distortions or depressogenic schemata" such as overgeneralization, selective abstraction, personlaization, magnification, and arbitrary inference

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Depression is often precipitated by the occurence of psychosocial stressor

Back 26

see other side

Front 27

endogenous depression

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due to biological factors , require somatic treatment

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exogenous depression

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caused by psycholocial stressors and involve less severe symptoms.

Front 29

Drug treatments

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Tricyclics, MAOI's heterocyclic antidepressents, TCA: helpful for classic depression. MAOIs helpful for those with atypical depression

Front 30

Classic depression

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vegative symptoms, a worsening of symptoms in the morning , acute onset and duration of symptoms and symptoms of moderate severity.

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atypical depression

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phobic features, panic attacks, increase appetite, hypersomnia , mood worsening late in the date.

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cognitive treatments

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Beck's cognitive therapy. Depression can be eliminated by altering the cognitions that underlie them. 1. identified " automatic thoughts" 2. helping the clietn understand how his cogntions distort reality.

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interpersonal therapy

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depression is caused and maintained by interpersonal problems that are the result of disturbances during early development

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Dysthmic disorder

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deressed mood that is present most of the time for at least two years . no more than two months in which the person is symptom free. And symptoms must not be severe enough to meedt criteria for MDE.

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Bipolar I disorder

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occurance of one or more nanic episodes or mixed episodes WITHOUT a history of MDE

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Bipolar disorder sigle manic episode

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one manic episode with no history or major depressive episode

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bipolar I disorder most recent episode manic

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Person currently or most recently in a manic episode and has previously expereinced at least one mjaor depressive , manic or mixed episode

Front 38

Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode hypomanic

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The person is currently or most recently in hypomanic episode and has previously experienced at least one manic anor mixed episode

Front 39

Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode mixed

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The person is recently or currently in a mixed episode and has previously at least one major depressive manic or mixed episode

Front 40

Bipolar I disorder, most recelt episode depressed

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The person is currently or most recently in a major depressive disorder and has previously experenced at least one manic or mixed episode

Front 41

Bipolar I disorder most recent episode unspecified

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the person meets symptoms but not the duration criteria for manic, hypmanic or major depressive episodes that there has previously been been at least one manic or mixed epiosode.

Front 42

bipolar I disorder most recent episode manic

Back 42

Person currently or most recently in a manic episode and has previously expereinced at least one mjaor depressive , manic or mixed episode

Front 43

Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode hypomanic

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The person is currently or most recently in hypomanic episode and has previously experienced at least one manic anor mixed episode

Front 44

Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode mixed

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The person is recently or currently in a mixed episode and has previously at least one major depressive manic or mixed episode

Front 45

Bipolar I disorder, most recelt episode depressed

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The person is currently or most recently in a major depressive disorder and has previously experenced at least one manic or mixed episode

Front 46

Bipolar I disorder most recent episode unspecified

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the person meets symptoms but not the duration criteria for manic, hypmanic or major depressive episodes that there has previously been been at least one manic or mixed epiosode.

Front 47

BIoplar II disorder

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diagnosed when the individual has experienced at least one major deprssive eposide and one hypomanic episode. Person with disorder has never had a manic or mixed episode.

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Drug treatment for bipolar

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Lithium carbonate: treatment of choice for manic and hypomania. reduces manic symptoms and prevents recurrent mood swings.

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Cyclothymic disorder

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characterized by the presence of fluctuating hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms.

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SUbstance induced mood disorder

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intoxication of alcohol, amph, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalents, opiods, pcp, sedatives, hypnotics, and axioltycs. From withdrawl of alchol , amph, cociane, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics.

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panic disorder with or without agoraphobia

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characterized by two or more unexpected panic attacks, with at least one of the attacks being followed by one month of persistent concern about having another attack, worry about the implications of the attack or significant apprehension ,fear or terror that develops abruptly.

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panic disorder require at least four of these characteristic symptoms

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palpitations, or accelerated heart rate, sweating, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, derealization, paresthesia/

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Agoraphobia

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anxiety about being in situations or places from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing or which help might not be available of panic attacks occur.

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Treatment for agoraphobia

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Invivo exposure with response prevention, considered to be most effective treatment. INimpramine.

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Specific phobia

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disorder charcterized by a marked and persistent fear of specif object or situation other than those associated with agoraphobia and social phobia.

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biologically prepared stimuli

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at least at one time the object of fear posed an actual threat to huma survival.

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From fruedian view, phobias represent what?

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unconscious conflicts

Front 58

Treatment for specific phobias

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Systematic desensitization, particpant modeling

Front 59

Social learning theory and phobias

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social learnin theory regards phobias as the result of vicarious learning in which excessive anxiety and aviodance beahviors are acquired by pberving the beavhior of parents and others

Front 60

what is mower's two factor theory

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phobic fears are the result of both classical and operant conditioning. an individual first learns to fear a neutral conditioned stimulus because of its pairing with an intrinsiclaly anxeity arousing unconditioned stimulus. Because the individualsconsistently avoids the conditional stimulous he never has the opportunity to extinguish it.

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obsessive compulsive disorder

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recurrent obssessions or compulsions that are severe enough to cause marked distressed, to be time consuming and to intefre with daily functioning.

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Obsessions

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persistent thoughts impulses, or images that an individual expereinces as senseless or intrusive and that cause makred distress

Front 63

Compulsions:

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repitious and deliberate behaviors or mental act a person feels driven to perform either in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules. . Goal of the compulsive acts is to reduce distress or prevent a dreaded situation from happening but the acts are either excessive or not connected in a logical way to this goal.

Front 64

The adult MUST realize that his obsessions or compusions are unreasonable or excessive.

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in schizophrenia, rumination delusional thought and biazzare sterotyping is not disressing to the individual.

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Treatment for ocd:

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In vivo exposure with response prevention. THought stopping and habituation

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Drug treatment for OCD

Back 66

clomipramine

Front 67

PTSD

Back 67

development of caracteristic symptoms after exposure to an extreme trauma. Witnessing an event that invloves actual or threatened death, and elicits a reaction of intense fear, helplessness or horror. Persistent reexpereincing of the trauma, falshabcks, night mares, persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma. Persistent symtoms of increase arousal. Must be present for at least one mornth.

Front 68

Generalized anxiety disorder

Back 68

excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities. Constant for at least six months and finds them difficult to control. Symptoms involve, restlessness, or feelings of keyed up or on edge, being easily fatigued, difficulty concetrating, irritablity, muscel tension, sleep disturbance

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non pathological anxiety

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wories are more realistic, are percieved as mor controllable and less likely to be accompanied by physical symptoms

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acute stress disorder

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similar to ptsd except that symptoms must have an onset within four weeks of the trauma and last for at least two days but no longer than four weeks. must have three or more dissociateive symptoms while expereincing the event: numbing, derealization, dissociative amesia. and must exhibit persistent reexpereincing of the trauma, marked avoidance of stimuili that cause recollection of the trauma nad symptoms of makred anxiety or increased arousal

Front 71

substance induced axiety

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caffine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucigens, inhalant, and pcp intoxication , with drawl from alcohol, cocaine or sedative, hypnotic aor anxiolytics.