Drx 1: Foundations Lectures 01-02

Front 1

Give an example of physiologic hyperplasia

Back 1

Lactating breast, post-hepatectomy regeneration

Front 2

Dihydrotestosterone can initiate an enlargement of the prostate. What category of pathological processes would this fall under?

Back 2

Hyperplasia (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, BPH)

Front 3

Myostatin, a molecule like the TGF-beta family of growth factors, can lead to muscle build-up and 'Herculean strength' in rare mutations (when non-fxnal; it limits growth). Do these individuals and bodybuilders experience hyperplasia or hypertrophy?

Back 3

Hypertrophy

Front 4

Give an example of pathologic hypertrophy

Back 4

Heart muscle in response to high peripheral resistance, liver response to high detoxification

Front 5

Under the microscope, a lysosome involved in degrading ubiquinated products in an atrophying cell is call a/an...

Back 5

Autophagic vacuole

Front 6

A shrunken lysosome containing lipofuschin (the residue of hydrolytic enzyme breakdown) is called a...

Back 6

residual body

Front 7

Define metaplasia and give two examples.

Back 7

A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another. Ex: squamous metaplasia in smokers' lungs; Barrett's esophagus in chronic acid reflux.

Front 8

Name a cause of cell injury and necrosis besides: hypoxia, physical agents, chemical agents/drugs, infectious agents, genetic derangements and nutritional imbalances.

Back 8

Immunologic reactions

Front 9

Name a cause of cell injury and necrosis besides: hypoxia, physical agents, chemical agents/drugs, infectious agents, immunologic reactions and nutritional imbalances.

Back 9

Genetic derangments

Front 10

This type of reversible cell injury can be caused by loss of fxn of plasma membrane ion pumps or a viral infection of hepatocytes.

Back 10

Cellular swelling; hydropic cells. Cytoplasm and ER swell with water.

Front 11

This type of cell damage can occur in hypoxia, toxic or metabolic injury (mainly in the liver), and is associated with obesity, diabetes and alcoholism.

Back 11

Fatty change (steatosis). TG accumulation and large vacuoles.

Front 12

Match: karyolysis
A. Faded nucleus
B. Fragmented nucleus
C. Small dark nucleus

Back 12

A

Front 13

Match: karyorrhexis
A. Faded nucleus
B. Fragmented nucleus
C. Small dark nucleus

Back 13

B

Front 14

Ischemic injury is more likely to cause:
A. Coagulative Necrosis
B. Caseous (Cheesy) Necrosis
C. Fat Necrosis
D. Liquefactive Necrosis

Back 14

A

Front 15

Gangrenous Necrosis is a variety of:
A. Coagulative Necrosis
B. Caseous (Cheesy) Necrosis
C. Fat Necrosis
D. Liquefactive Necrosis

Back 15

A

Front 16

TB could cause:
A. Coagulative Necrosis
B. Caseous (Cheesy) Necrosis
C. Fat Necrosis
D. Liquefactive Necrosis

Back 16

B

Front 17

Pancreatic enzymes are involved in
A. Coagulative Necrosis
B. Caseous (Cheesy) Necrosis
C. Fat Necrosis
D. Liquefactive Necrosis

Back 17

C

Front 18

Bacterial infection and CNS infact are conditions associated with
A. Coagulative Necrosis
B. Caseous (Cheesy) Necrosis
C. Fat Necrosis
D. Liquefactive Necrosis

Back 18

D

Front 19

Fibrinoid Necrosis is associated with
A. Gangrene
B. Fibrinoid in lysosomes
C. Blood vessel walls

Back 19

C; fibrinoid (bright pink stuff) accumulates in vessel walls.

Front 20

Are these all of the essential cellular systems?
1. mitochondria (aerobic respiration)
2. membranes (osmotic and ion balance)
3. cytoskeleton (structure and intracell transport)
4. Fxnal genetic apparatus (nucleus)

Back 20

No. Ribosomes (protein synthesis)

Front 21

<10% levels of what chemical account for a major cause of cell injury?

Back 21

ATP

Front 22

ATPases, phospholipases, proteases, endonucleases and mitochondrial permeability might all be set off by what major cause of cell injury?

Back 22

Ca influx

Front 23

When a tissue is reperfused after a period of hypoxia, what is a major cause of cell injury?

Back 23

Accumulation of Oxygen-derived free radicals.

Front 24

True or False: viral hepatitis leads to apoptosis primarily through the extrinsic pathway.

Back 24

True; hepatocytes express FasL.

Front 25

Which of the following proteins is not involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis: Bak, Bax, BCL-2, Apaf-1, pro-caspase 8

Back 25

Pro-caspase 8; which is involved in the extrinsic pathway.

Front 26

True or false: Mononuclear leukocytes are macrophages

Back 26

False; monocytes are macrophages; mononuclear leukocytes include lymphocytes

Front 27

Neutrophils DO NOT participate in which of the following:
A. Releasing acid hydrolases (anti-microbial)
B. Eating bacteria bound to (opsonized by) complement
C. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Toxicity
D. Eating bacteria bound to (opsonized by) IgG and IgA
E. Releasing Lysozyme

Back 27

C - which is performed by NK cells and to a lesser extent eosinophils (against helminths) and monocytes

Front 28

Name a primary and secondary mediator formed by basophils

Back 28

primary - histamine
secondary - Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

Front 29

Macrophages are activated by the cytokine _______ which leads them to release the 'monokines', chemokines including _______, _______ and _______

Back 29

Macrophages are activated by the cytokine gamma-interferon which leads them to release the 'monokines', chemokines including IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha.

Front 30

NK cells bind Fc of IgG to target certain cells. Name two types of pathological cells which NK cells tend to kill.

Back 30

Virus-infected cells (only some) and tumor cells (only some)

Front 31

What's the simplest way to tell a tissue is inflamed by light microscopy?

Back 31

Inappropriate presence of leukocytes.

Front 32

If Harry Potter were to recite a spell causing the four cardinal symptoms of inflammation, he would say (English version also okay):

Back 32

Rubor Et Tumor Cum Calore Et Dolore (Redness and Swelling with Heat and Pain)

Front 33

Leakage associated with inflammation comes largely from the:

Back 33

Post-Capillary Venules.

Front 34

Histamine, serotonin and bradykinin all cause this element of inflammation.

Back 34

Increased vascular permeability.

Front 35

A fluid with specific gravity <1.015 is termed a/an _________ // Specific gravity >1.015 is a/an ___________.

Back 35

Transudate // Exudate

Front 36

True/False: The presence of an exudate indicates vascular damage.

Back 36

False: it can just indicate increased permeability and increased filtration

Front 37

Describe in a few words the appearance of the following exudates:
Serous
Purulent
Hemorrhagic
Fibrinous

Back 37

Serous - Clear
Purulent - White
Hemorrhagic - Red
Fibrinous - white layer of fibrin

Front 38

An effusion is distinct from edema in that:

Back 38

It located in a cavity, not in the interstitium and can thus be aspirated.

Front 39

Hyperemia is:

Back 39

an increase in blood flow to an area caused by neuronally-induced relaxation of pre-capillary arterioles

Front 40

Slowing of blood flow and increasing height of endothelial cell walls are causes of:

Back 40

Margination

Front 41

True/False
The following are correctly matched:
Selectins - Rolling

Back 41

True

Front 42

True/False
The following are correctly matched:
Chemokines - Signaling

Back 42

True; Chemokines signal the leukocytes to tightly adhere

Front 43

True/False
The following are correctly matched:
Integrins - Rolling

Back 43

False; Integrins are most involved in tight adhesion; selectins are most involved in rolling.

Front 44

Which of the following is not a factor in chemotaxis?
A. C5a
B. Leukotrienes B4
C. IL-4
D. N-formyl-peptide
E. IL-8

Back 44

C; IL-4 helps T helpers differentiate.

Front 45

Leukocyte migration is LEAST dependent on which of the following?
A. Microtubules
B. F-Actin
C. Myosin
D. Integrins

Back 45

A. Integrins help grab the ECM and Actin/Myosin move the cell.

Front 46

IL-1 and TNF-alpha cause an increase in leukocytes, especially neutrophils. Which of these terms does not describe this process?
A. Leukocytosis
B. Left Shift
C. Acute Phase
D. Neutrophilia
E. Leukemoid Reaction

Back 46

C; FYI, Left shift describes increased immature leukocytes in the blood.

Front 47

Which of the following is NOT involved in the acute phase?
A. IL-6
B. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) are closely related
C. C-reactive Protein
D. S-Protein
E. Serum Amyloid A (SAA)

Back 47

D; S-protein is an anticoagulant that works with C4a, C-protein and inactivates Va and VIIa.

Front 48

Sialic acid residues lose some of their negative charge during inflammation, leading to an increase in this laboratory value:

Back 48

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Front 49

An abundance of red capillaries in the young connective tissue lining a wound is the identifying feature of:

Back 49

Granulation Tissue.

Front 50

Why do viral infections not have an acute phase of inflammation?

Back 50

The best cells for fighting a viral infection are NK cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, which are both mononuclear --> only chronic is used.

Front 51

Autoimmune diseases frequently have which of the following:
A. Acute Inflammation
B. Chronic Inflammation
C. Granulomatous Inflammation

Back 51

B

Front 52

These are aggregates of macrophages, usually arranged concentrically around the causal agent and often containing giant cells, lymphocytes and fibrosis.

Back 52

Granulomas

Front 53

What do tuberculosis, leprosy, histoplasmosis, schistosomiasis, aseptic suture threads, asbestos, talcum powder, sarcoidosis and Crohn's disease all have in common?

Back 53

They are all causes of granulomatous inflammation.

Front 54

A term for macrophages with a lot of cytoplasm is:

Back 54

Epithelioid macrophages.