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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the GI System |
-Intake of food and fluid into the body -Absorption of nutrients and fluids -Excretion of waste products |
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Monogastric Species Characteristics |
Simple Stomach Carnivorous or Omnivorous No Outpocketings or forestomachs |
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Primary Function monogastric species |
Storage of ingested material and to begin some enzymatic breakdown of protein |
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Monogastric Digestion: Salivary Glands Function |
Break down starch into simpler carbohydrates |
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Monogastric Digestion: Pancreas Function |
Enzymes delivered to duodenum go break down fats, carbs, and proteins |
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Monogastric Digestion: Liver Function |
Bile salts are delivered to the duodenum to emulsify fats |
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Monogastric Digestion: Gallbladder Function |
Stores bile |
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Ruminants Characteristics |
Herbivorous Three fourestomachs One true stomach Rely mainly on microorganisms to break down food |
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Hindgut Fermentors Include Which Animals |
Equine, Rabbits, and some Rodents |
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Hindgut Fermentor Characteristics |
Cheifly herbivorous Monogastric Large cecum capable of limited roughage digestion |
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Bird GI System is made up of.... |
Crop used for food storage Gizzard to grind coarse food material Small intestine: duodenum, pancreas, jejunum , and short ileum Large Intestine |
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List the Movement through the GI Tract (Steps 1-3) |
1. Stomach contents pass into small intestine and are mixed with intestinal secretions, pancreatic juice, and bile 2. Absorption of digesta, vitamins, and fluid begins 3. Villi and microvilli protrude from mucosal surface to enhance absorptive process |
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List the Movement through the GI Tract (Steps 4-6) |
4.Contents of small intestines are called chyme 5. Chyme is moved to large intestine by peristalsis and segmentation 6. Colon is responsible for absorption of water, synthesis of certain vitamins, and storage waste materials |
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What type of movements occur in the GI Tract? |
Peristalsis Segmentation Mass Action Contraction |
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Stimulation of the Parasympathetic Nervous System in the GI Tract Causes ______ |
Increases Intestinal motility and tone Increases intestinal secretions Stimulates relaxation of sphincters |
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Parasympthomimetics are also called |
Cholinergics |
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What are Parasympathomimetics |
Drugs that mimic effects of parasympathetic stimulation |
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What are Anticholinergics |
Inhibit the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Stimulation of the Sympathetic Nervous System Causes ______ |
Decreases intestinal motility and tone
Decreases intestinal secretions Inhibits sphincters |
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Stimulation of various Intrinsic Receptors Causes______ |
May Increase peristalsis activity |
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GI Hormones such as gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin exert control over what? |
Gastric secretion
Emptying of gallbladder Gastric emptying |
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Histamine, Serotonin, and Prostaglandin do what to the GI System? |
Histamine attaches to H2 receptors to cause increased release of hydrochloride acid in the stomach Influences of serotonin and prostaglandin is not well defined |
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Bacterial Endotoxins have what impact on the GI System? |
Increases permeability of intestinal blood vessels Causes increased fluid loss and fever |
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Define Vomiting |
Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach and sometimes the proximal small intestine |
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Vomiting is initiated by what? |
Activation of the vomiting center in the medulla of the brain |
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Vomiting Impulses are generated by what? |
Pain Excitement ' Fear Disturbances of the inner ear Drugs Metabolic Conditions irritation of peripheral receptors |
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What animals do not vomit |
Horses Rats Rabbit |
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Persistent Vomiting Can Result In |
Dehydration Electrolyte Disturbances Acid-Base Imbalances |
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Define Emetics |
Drugs that induce vomiting |
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Emetics are classified according to what? |
Their site of action |
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What are the classifications of Emetics? |
Centrally acting Locally acting |
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Emetics usually remove how much the stomach contents |
80% |
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Emetics are administered to animals that have _____? |
Ingested toxins |
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Emetics are contraindications in animals that _____? |
-Are comatose or having a seizure -Have depressed pharyngeal reflexes -Are in shock or are dyspnic -Have ingested strong acid, alkali, or other caustic substances -Do not normally vomit |
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Centrally Acting Emetics |
Apomorphine Xylazine |
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What is Apomorphine |
Centrally Acting Emetic Morphine derivative |
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Apomorphine stimulates what? |
Dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone |
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How is Apomorphine administered? |
Topically or Parenterally |
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Clinical uses of Apomorphine |
Induction of vomiting in dogs Contraindicated in cats |
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What is the reversal agent for Apomorphine? |
Naloxone |
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Adverse side effects of Apomorphine |
Protracted Vomiting Restlessness Depression |
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What is Xylazine? |
Not classified as an emetic used more safely in cats, sometimes in dogs Induces vomiting in 3-5 mins |
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What are some Locally Acting Emetics? |
Syrup of Ipecac Hydrogen Peroxide Mustard and Water Warm Salt Water |
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Syrup of Ipecac |
Locally Acting Emetic Obtained from plant roots |
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Syrup of Ipecac induces what? |
Vomiting within 10-30 mins in cats and dogs |
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Syrup of Ipecac stimulates what? |
CRTZ |
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Adverse Side Effects of Syrup of Ipecac |
Cardiotoxicity Lacrimation Salivation |
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What are Antiemetics |
Drugs that are used to prevent or control vomiting Do not necessarily correct underlying cause of vomiting |
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How are Antiemetics usually administered? |
Parenterally |
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How do phenothiazine derivatives work as an antiemetic? |
They act centrally Block dopamine receptors in the CRTZ May directly inhibit vomiting center Prevent motion sickness in dogs and cats Less effective against irritant emetics |
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Common side effects of phenothiazine derivatives |
Hypotension Sedation |
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Phenothiazine Derivative Drugs |
Chlorpromazine Prochlorperazine |
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Chlorpromazine is also called |
Thorazine |
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What is Chlorpromazine |
Phenothiazine derivative tranquilizer More often used as an antiemetic More effective in dogs than in cats |
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Adverse Side Effects of Chlopromazine |
Sedation Ataxia Hypotension Has Several drug reactions |
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What is prochlorperazine |
Has Moderate sedative effects Strong Antiemetic Effects |
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Adverse Side Effects of Prochlorperazine |
Similar to chlorpromazine Dry MM Dilated pupils Urinary retention |
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Metoclopramide is also called |
Reglan |
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Metoclopramide : Central antiemeitc activity does what |
Blocks dopmaine receptors in the CRTZ |
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Metoclopramide: Peripheral anitemetic activity does what |
Increases gastric contraction Speeds gastric emptying Strengthens cardiac sphincter tone |
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Metoclopramide acts....and its administered... |
Short acting and administered frequently or by CRI |
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Procainamide Derivatives are what kind of drugs |
Antiemetic |
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Procainamide Derivatives Clincal Uses |
Antiemetic Treatment of GI motility disorders |
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Procainamide Derivatives Adverse Effects |
Behavioral or other disorders associated with CNS Constipation |
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Antiemetic Antihistamines do what |
Most effective as an antiemetic for vomiting assosciated with motion sickness or inner ear abnormalities Block vomiting at the level of the CRTZ May cause sedation |
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Antiemetic Antihistamines ususally end in |
Amine
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Antiemetic Anticholinergics are what type of drug |
parasymptholytic
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Antiemetic Anticholinergics do what
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Block the effects of acetlycholine at parasympathetic nerve endings Reduce GI spasms Reduce intestinal motility and secretions Act peripherally Gastric emptying is slowed |
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Slowing Gastric Emptying May Cause What? |
an increased tendency to vomit |
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Antiemetic Anticholinergics Drug Forms |
Aminopentamide Hydrogen Sulfate Propantheline |
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Anticholinergics Clincal Uses |
Antispasmotics Antiemetics Antidiarrheals |
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Antiemetic Anticholinergics Adverse Effects |
Dry MM Tachycardia Urinary retention Constipation |
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Serotonin Receptor Antagonist do what? |
Blocks serotonin receptors found on vagal nerve terminals and in the CRTZ |
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Serotonin Receptor Antagonist Drug Form |
Ondansetron or Zofran |
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Ondansetron or Zofram is an antiemetic used during______ |
chemotherapy |
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NK-1 Receptor Antagonists Do What |
Block binding of substance P to NK1 receptors in the CRTZ Prevent and treat vomiting in dogs caused by motion sickness or other causes |
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What is Substance P |
Neurotransmitter involved in vomiting |
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NK-1 Receptor Antagonists Adverse Side Effects |
Diarrhea Bloody stool Anorexia Endotoxic Shock Otitis Burning at the injection site |
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Gastric Ulcers May Occur For What Various Reasons? |
Stress Metabolic Disease Gastric Hyperactivity Drug Therapy |
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Common Signs of Gastric Ulcers |
Anorexia Hematemisis Pain Melena |
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Define Hematemisis |
Vomiting Blood |
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Types of Antiulcer Medications |
H2 Receptor Antagonists Proton Pump Inhibitors Antacids Gastromucosal Protectants Prostaglandin E-1 Analogs |
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H2 Receptor Antagonists Reduce what? |
The release od hydrochloric acid Irritation of eroded mucosa |
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H2 Receptor Antagonists Promote What ? |
Healing |
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H2 Receptor Antagonists are available ____? |
OTC |
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Cimetidine is what type of drug |
H2 receptor antagonist |
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Cimetidine Clinical Uses |
Treatment or prevention of gastric, adomasal, or duodenal ulcers Hypersecratory condition Esophagitis Gastric Reflux |
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Cimetidine Adverse Effects |
Rare May alter metabolism of other drugs |
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Ranitidine ( Zantac) is what type of drug? |
H2 receptor Antagonist |
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Ranitidine ( Zantac) Characteristics |
has little effect on hepatic microenzymes, unlikely to cause drug interactions 5x more potent than cimetidine Longer duration |
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Famotidine (Pepcid) is what kind of drug |
H2 Receptor Antagonist |
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Famotidine (Pepcid) characteristics |
Considerably more potent than cimetidine Even fewer drug interractions |
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Nizatidine (Axid) is what type of drug |
H2 Receptor Antagonist |
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Nizatidine (Axid) Is Used for what? |
Used for prokinetic activity in the treatment of constipatio nand delayed gastric emptying |
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Proton Pump Inhibitors Do what? |
Inhibit enzyme, which pumps hydrogen ions into the stomach Used to treat gastric or duodenal ulcers, esohagitis, and parietal hypersecretion |
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Proton Pump Adverse Effects |
Constipation sedation ileus pancreatitis CNS Effects |
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What is Ileus |
Decreased GI Motility |
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Antacids are used for |
-to decrease hydrochoric acid levels -Aid in the treatment of gastric ulcers -Treat rumen acidosis -Laxative -Used in pts with renal failure to bind with intestinal phosphorus to reduce hyperphosphatemia -Calcium supplement after parathyroidectomy |
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Antacid Adverse Side |
Aluminum/Magnesium Hydroxide C |
