Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Demonology |
The devil made me do it oldest theory |
|
|
moral model of drug use |
drug taking behavior is a matter of personal choice that we made |
|
|
Genetic Factors |
most studies concerning genetic factors in humans have mainly focused on alcoholic people kids of alcoholics are 4x more likely to become alcoholics identical twins are more likely to have similar risk for alcoholism than fraternal twins |
|
|
physiological factors |
metabolic process in the body people may differ in the extent to which chemicals in the body are broken down/ changed in some way to allow us to function normally chronic heroin abuse might be due to a metabolic defects in the bodies of heroin abusers similar to type 1 diabetics heroin abusers are "normalizing" their body heroin dependent people paperer to behave as if they have a metabolic imbalance w/respect to opiates |
|
|
neurochemical systems in the brain |
Amphetamines, cocaine, heroin, alcohol and nicotine may be very different from a pharmacological standpoint, but the way people react to them are remarkably similar use results in a pattern of compulsive behavior based on an intense craving for repeating the experience similarities among these drugs are numerous enough to entertain the idea that theres a common neurochemical system in the brain that links them all together It can be said that dopamine related process in thee nucleus accumbres underlie the reinforcing effects of abused drugs Dopamine research in the drug dependency can help to understand why some people may be more susceptible to drug taking behavior |
|
|
Ritalin Study |
23 Drug free men with no history of drug abuse given ritalin 12 experienced a pleasant feeling 9 felt annoyed/distressful 2 felt nothing measurements of dopamine receptors in the brains of these men showed Those with the least concentration of dopamine receptors we're the ones expericening the pleasant effects Hypothesis- those with the fewest dopamine receptors might be the most vulnerable to drug abuse |
|
|
Behavioral theories |
emphasize the role of learning through reinforcement drug taking behavior leading to drug abuse is a consequence of having modified ones behaviors in a specific way as a result of being rewarded |
|
|
Overarching principle |
any behavior that is followed by a reward/reinforcement is more likely to be repeated in the future repeated rewards will result in a continuing pattern of behavior that can be weakened when reinforcment is removed People using a drug with a high reinforcement potential typically report that they care more about obtaining/using the drug than anything else Reinforcers related to drug taking behaviors exceed competing reinforcers |
|
|
What aspects of reinforcement is emphasized among drug abusers can determine the pattern of drug taking behavior |
Positive Reinforcement- euphoria seekers Negative reinforcement- maintainers Specific cues/situations have the capability of stimulating powerful drug cravings brought on by memories of past pleasurable/ reinforcing experiences |
|
|
personalities theories |
emphasize a constellation of personality traits that distinguish drug abusers from non abusers |
|
|
general theme |
antisocial personality disorder anxiety and depression are more common among drug abusers |
|
|
sociological theories crucial aspect |
the situations/social relations/ social structure EX. drugs and Vietnam during the Vietnam war many US troops used and abused heroin which was pure - Easy access to heroin in the context of being in a strange and dangerous environment encouraged them to turn to heroin to escape and relief - only 1/9 soldiers continued to use heroin after returning home |
|
|
anomie/strain theory |
every society includes a set of cultural goals and means to achieve them and when someone is unable to obtain economic success, the result is a feeling of frustration & anomie |
|
|
conformity |
leads to a decision not to use drugs that are outside the mainstream of our culture |
|
|
innovation |
involves illegal behavior like a drug dealer |
|
|
ritualism |
burnt out factory worker |
|
|
retreatism |
people who have developed a dependence on alcohol/drugs |
|
|
rebellion |
hippie subculture EX. a survey of 9,000 high school kids found that feelings of anomie were important predictors of drug use this theory oversimplifies a complex problem People who have attained economic success have become dependent on drugs |
|
|
social control/bonding theory |
all human beings are natural rule breakers, social bonds keep us from doing so |
|
|
4 types of bonds |
attachment, commitment, involvement, belief |
|
|
main weakness- |
underestimates the importance of the role of delinquent friends while overestimating the importance of involvement in conventional social actives |
|
|
differential association theory |
when one's attitude/beliefs favoring drug use exceed those against drug use the likelihood of drug use increases -process of learning to use drugs also involves learning the techniques and learning how to enjoy the experience |
|
|
labeling theory |
virtually everyone has experimented with drugs at some point -primary deviance- temporary, exploratory and easily concealed nonconformity -often go unnoticed and those who commit these acts do not generally regard themselves as deviants and aren't labeled as such by others -once the drug is discovered and made public, the situation changes -at this point, drug users are labeled as deviant and often seen in a new light by others The user begins to internalize the newly acquired label and continue to use drugs b/c others expect them too - the drug user changes their self-perception to fit the expectations of others -behavior now continues as secondary deviance -persistent pattern of nonconformity by someone labeled as deviant |
|
|
risk factors and protective factors |
A person has a certain degree of vulnerability with respect to drug taking behavior -vulnerability shaped by two groups of factors |
|
|
Risk Factors |
making it MORE likely they'll be involved in drugs |
|
|
protective factors |
make it less likely they will become involved with drugs |
|
|
Specific Risk Factors |
Most reliable set- Psychological characteristics that reflect a tendency toward non conformity within society - young people who take drugs are more inclined to attend school irregularly, have poor relationships with their parents, or get in trouble - leading risk factors for marijuana use- perceived prevalence of mj use by friends and family in the community |
|
|
drug defined offenses |
violations of law prohibiting the possession/distribution/manufacturing of illegal drugs |
|
|
drug related offenses |
offenses that don't involve a violation of a drug law, but breaking another law because of drugs |
|
|
3 perspectives of drug use and crime |
enslavement/medical model predisposition/criminal model intensification model |
|
|
enslavement/medical model |
people are forced into a life of crime and drug abuse either from social situations (poverty) or from a personal condition like a physical disorder |
|
|
predisposition/criminal model |
drug abusers have already been involved in criminal activity prior to drug use |
|
|
intensification model |
drug use perpetrates life of crime |
|
|
Paul Goldsteins Framework 3 categories |
psychopharmacological framework economic compulsive framework systematic framework |
|
|
psychopharmacological framework |
properties of a drug lead to a person on drugs to commit crime the drug user wouldn't commit this crime unless they are currently influenced by the drug doesn't happen very often except with alcohol |
|
|
economic compulsive framework |
want and need for drug related to committed crimes once addicted to the drug, the user develops a psychological and psychical need for the drug happens more than the psychopharmacological framework, not as much as you would think |
|
|
systematic framework |
doesn't attribute to crime at all crime occurs b/c the drugs are illegal and sold on the black market those people involved in the illegal distribution and selling of drugs can't go to the police when they've been wronged, turn to crime to deal with it most supported by research |
|
|
causation- |
to establish causation, 3 criteria need to be met -X needs to be associated with the Y -X needs to precede the Y X and Y can't have spurious relationship |
|
|
drug use causes crime |
-society believed that a causal relationship exists between drug use and crime -laws restricting access to drugs are based on the belief that drug use causes crime and that these laws serve to reduce the criminal behavior that drugs produce research shows that criminal careers develop prior to involvement with drugs |
|
|
crime causes drug use |
-people predispositioned to commit crime also use drugs -majority of research supports this position, involvement in crime occurs before involvement in drug use |
|
|
both drug use and crime share common causes |
drug use and crime don't cause one another, but are both aspects of an overall deviant lifestyle |
|
|
research is new but promising |
-both of these new behaviors can emerge in puberty due to environmental factors, lack of social controls, poor school behavior and genetic/biological causes
-criminal propensity is another factor that could cause both |
|
|
source control |
activities aimed at limited cultivation and production of illicit drugs in other countries |
|
|
crop eradication |
-programs focuses on reduction of crop fields for opium poppies, coca, marijuana, and counties of origin - driven by the premise that decreasing crops makes drugs more expensive and reduces levels of use in many impoverished countries, crop eradication disrupts fragile local economies empirical studies show that crop eradication has little impact on production of coco and opium |
|
|
control of precursor chemicals |
-significant method of attacking drug production before they hit the market - every popular illicit drug (except MJ) needs an alteration of the original project by specific chemicals before its ready for consumption -DEA monitors and tracks large shipments of precursor chemicals entering the US |
|
|
US certification process |
-US Government evaluation cooperation of other countries in counter drug efforts -each year the president makes a list of all countries involved in major production and transit of drugs - 3 categories -- fully complaint, certified --noncompliant, decertified --noncompliant but certified based on vital national interest |
|
|
Interdiction |
prevention of smuggling by denying smugglers use of air, land, and maritime routes each year - Plane 60 million people on over 675,000 commercial & private flights - Marine - 6 million -Land- 370 million Drug law enforcement agencies develop drug courier profiles to help identify potential smugglers |
|
|
reverse sting |
undercover agent pose as drug dealers and sell to buyers |
|
|
controlled buy |
undercover informant buys drugs under supervision of cops |
|
|
undercover buy 2 types |
Buy-Bust -- undercover agent buys, seller immediately arrested --time and place set up, surveyed by cops, usually undercover agent is arrested too to protect identity Buy-Walk -- drug deal used to obtain arrest warrant later --better protects identity and immediate safety of undercover agent |
|
|
knock and talk |
cop goes to suspects house, knows, says there cops and asks permission to enter and search the house **75%-85% of drug dealers waive constitutional right to privacy and consent to search |
|
|
decriminalization |
absence of laws punishing people from using drugs, while drug trafficking remains a crime |
|
|
legalization |
refers to an absence of laws prohibiting use/commerce in drugs |
|
|
pros of legalization |
reduction in the resources necessary for drug law enforcement criminal organization supported by drug trafficking would no longer remain viable unless they moved in other criminal activites |
|
|
cons of legalization |
-with drugs being legal it would make it easier to acquire, cheaper to buy and use would increase -drugs would become available to children and minors legalizing all psychoactive drugs would signal an acceptance of their use similar to alcohol and tobacco |
|
|
marijuana policy |
possession for personal use has been decriminalized in 20 states. 4 states and DC have legalized it many european countries have decriminalized possession for personal use 2002 UK study- policy for not arresting people for possession of small amounts for personal use resulted in 30% drop in arrests, enabling the police to increase efforts against heroin and cocaine |
|
|
needle exchange program |
IV drug users present used needles, exchanged for unused sterile one in an effort to stop the spread of aids -all states now permit needle exchange programs |
|
|
harm reduction |
polices, programs and practices that aim to reduce the adverse health, social and economic consequences of the use of legal and illegal psychoactive drugs and are based on a strong commitment to public health and human rights - recognizes that while abstinence is desirable, its not a realistic goal --harm to the community and drug user --focus is on lowering the amount of harm to each |
|
|
pragmatism |
harm reduction accepts that some use of mind altering substances is a common feature of human experience |
|
|
humanistic values |
drug users decision to use drugs is an accepted fact - doesn't mean approval, just no moralistic judgement |
|
|
focus on harm |
fact/extent of a person's drug use is of secondary importance to the risk of harms consequent to its use -- 1st priority is to decrease the negative consequences of drug use to the user and to others rather than focusing on decreasing the drug use itself |
|
|
balancing costs and benefits |
pragmatic process of identifying, measuring, and assessing the relative importance of drug related problems, their associated harms and costs and benefits of intervention is carried out in order to focus on the resources on priority issues |
|
|
priority of immediate goals |
-most harm reduction programs have a hierarchy of goals with the immediate focus on proactively engaging people, target groups, and communities to address their most pressing needs - focus is on reducing the risk consequences of drug use rather than reducing drug use |
|
|
THE NETHERLANDS |
- the dutch policy is based in the idea that drug use is a fact of life and needs to be discouraged as practically as possible they've implemented a pragmatic and non moralistic approach whose main objective is to minimize the risk associated with drug use, both for users and for those around them -- they distinguish between soft and hard drugs idea is to separate the market so users of soft drugs are less likely to come in contact with hard drugs and won't suffer the negative consequences of labeling -provided with health related education and a wide variety of treatment programs readily available -- people are cautioned against using dangerous drugs while being provided with information on how to reduce the risk for those who insist on experimenting |
|
|
PORTUGAL |
ALL drugs have been decriminalized to the extent that no criminal penalties exist for the use/possession of drugs for personal use, defined as 10-day supply drug usage rates are now among the lowest of European Union member states -drug related diseased and overdoes have been reduced even more than usage rates |
|
|
AUSTRIA |
drugs should be decriminalized 1 euro-- get condom, syringes, and wipe, and vitamin C those charged with possession for personal use are sent to a health facility no charged with criminal offense if after two years there is no contact with police there files are destroyed |
|
|
SWITZERLAND |
containment- ambiguous position taken between criminalization and legalization police action drove hard core drug users into a park where open drug use and sale were tolerated "needle park" 400 users of heroin and cocaine, 3000 other passed through out daily aids prevention program was established in the park urination killed of trees and flowers 1992 park was closed but that didn't stop the drug market.. it moved 1/2 mile away to a railroad station Switerzland w/a population of about 7 million has about 30,000 drug users 1997- continue a program that permits hard core heroin addicts to receive their drugs from the govt 3 times a day, pay a fee, and receive heroin 2008- 68% percent of swiss voters approved making the heroin program permeant while 63% voted against the legalization of marjiana |
|
|
CANADA |
Ontario distributes clean crack kits through heath department workers -needle exchange program for IV drug users Vancover hosts N. america only official injection site where nurses ensure that addicts are using clean equipment an intervene in the case of overdose allows users to shoot up, but not overdose and clog up emergency rooms given methadone for free so they don't resort to crime no evidence the program has increased/decreased # of drug users |
|
|
Opium- |
3 natural components -----morphine, codeine, thebaine opium derivatives are created by making changes the chemical composition of morphine |
|
|
opioids |
synthetic drugs that aren't chemically related to morphine/ any of its derivatives but produce opiate like effects that are behaviorally indistinguishable from the effects of opiates |
|
|
typical effects of heroin use |
if injected intravenously there an almost immediate tingling sensation and sudden feeling of warmth in the lower abdomen for the first 1-2 minutes feeling of intense euphoria followed later someones first experience with heroin may be unpleasant |
|
|
how opiates work on the brain |
theres receptors on the brain that are specifically sensitive to morphine that are activated whenever opiates enter the body |
|
|
endorphins |
morphine like chemicals activate these receptors |
|
|
greatest signs of tolerance in the degree of analgesia, euphoria and respiratory depression |
overall decline in heroin reactions is dose dependent |
|
|
1st sign of withdrawal |
craving another fix generally begins about 4-6 hours after the previous dose and intensifies to a peal over the next 36-72 hours |
|
|
chronic heroin use |
from a long term perspective, in regards to ones health, heroin is relatively non toxic organs arent damaged/destroyed/ threatened by even a lifetime of narcotic addiction no major malformations of the body, no tissue damage ad no psychical deterioration exception- smoking heroin can cause leukoencephalopathy |
|
|
acute effects of heroin use |
-the practice of heroin use in highly dangerous and potentially lethal - heroin has a relatively small ratio of lethal to effective dose & potentially lethal death can come so quickly that the victims are found with a needle still in their veins such deaths are due to a massive release of histamine/ an allergic reaction to some filler in the mixing of heroin |
|
|
heroin in society |
stilled viewed as the ultimate drug addiction and the heroin user as the ultimate junkie |
|
|
chipping |
practice of controlled/paced heroin intake |
|
|
opiate detoxification |
the process of withdrawal is less distressing by reducing the level of heroin in a gradual fashion under medical supervision |
|
|
methadone maintenance |
oral administration of the synthetic opiate methadone is substituted for the injected heroin after detoxification, the long term problem of drug dependence remains general idea - if a legally and controlled narcotic was available to heroin users on a regular basis the craving for heroin would be eliminated since its legal criminal activity involved on the street can be avoided |
|
|
medical uses of opiates |
relief of pain, treatment of acute diarrhea suppressing of cough |
|
|
acute effects of cocaine |
powerful burst of energy if injected or smoked, the extremely intense effect is felt within a matter of second, only last about 5-10 min if snorted, the effect is less intense, but last longer, about 15-20 min as level of cocaine diminish, mood changed dramatically heart rate and respiration increase, while appetite is diminished |
|
|
chronic effects of cocaine |
undesirable mood changes that can be alleviated only when the person is under the acute effects of the drug chronic cocaine abusers are often irritable, depressed, and paranoid long term abuse can produce the disturbing hallunincatory experience of fortification -- sense of cocaine bugs crawling under your skin septum of nose can develop lesions and become perforated with holes |
|
|
medical uses of cocaine |
when applied to the skin, cocaine has the ability to block the transmission of nerve impulses , deadening all sensation from the area |
|
|
how cocaine works on the brain |
greatly increases the activity of dopamine chronic cocaine abuse leads to a loss of about 20% of the dopamine receptor in the region of the brain over time |
|
|
kindling effect |
repeated cocaine exposures leads to the development of a pattern of sensitization with respect to motor behavior and brain excitation |
|
|
from cocoa to cocaine |
during initial extraction process, coca leaves are soaked in various chemical solvents so that cocaine can be drawn out of the plant leaves are then crushed and alcohol is percolated through them to remove extraneous matter after washing cocaine is 60% pure coca paste treatment with oxidizing agents now its 99% psure when in the form of cocaine hydrochloride |
|
|
free base cocaine |
hydrochloride is removed from the salt form of cocaine |
|
|
crack cocaine |
result of cheaper and safer chemical method, but the objective in the same, obtaining a smokeable form of cocaine at a price of $5-$10 per dose, cocaine is no longer out of financial reach |
|
|
treatment programs for cocaine |
initial phase- detox and total abstinence 1st 24-48 HOURS- chances are high that there will be depression, severe headaches and irritiablilty |
|
|
GVG |
avaialbe as a drug called vigabatrin proven that gvg short circuits the reinforcing effect of cocaine |
