Drugs - Hypoglycemic Agents

Front 1

What is glargine?

Back 1

a long acting insulin, does not produce peak, constant concentration throughout the day

Front 2

What are the 4 different insulin types?

Back 2

Ultra Short, Rapid, Intermediate, Long Acting

Front 3

What are some names of ULTRA-SHORT acting insulin?

Back 3

Lispro (Humalog), Novolog

Front 4

What are some names of INTERMEDIATE insulin?

Back 4

Isophane Insulin Suspension (NPH), Insulin Zinc Supression (Lente)

Front 5

What are some names of LONG-LASTING insulin?

Back 5

Extended Insulin Zinc Suspension (Ultralente), Glargine (Lantus)

Front 6

What are some names of RAPID acting insulin?

Back 6

Insulin (Regular), Prompt Insulin Zinc Suspension (Semilente)

Front 7

Generally, what duration of action is Ultra Lente insulin?

Back 7

Long-acting

Front 8

What is glyburide (DiaBeta, Micronase)?

Back 8

a 2nd generation sulfonylurea, oral hypoglycemic agent

Front 9

What is tolbutamide (Orinase)?

Back 9

a 1st generation sulfonylurea, oral hypoglycemic agent

Front 10

What is rosiglitazone (Avandia) and how does it work?

Back 10

Thiazolindedione, oral hypoglycemic agent

Increases sensitivity of peripheral cells and hepatic cells to insulin

Front 11

What are Thiazolindinediones?

Back 11

a drug class that works to lower the resistance to insulin in muscle, liver, and fat cells, resensitizing them to insulin.

Front 12

What is Metformin (Glucophage)?

Back 12

an anti-diabetic drug from the biguanide class of oral antihyperglycemic agents

Front 13

What is the mode of action of Biguanides?

Back 13

Tendency to reduce gluconeogenesis in the liver, thereby, reducing the level of glucose in the blood

Also tends to make the cells of the body more willing to absorb glucose already present in the blood stream.

Front 14

What is the prototypical 1st generation sulfonylurea?

Back 14

Tolbutamide

Front 15

What is the prototypical 2nd generation sulfonylurea?

Back 15

Glyburide

Front 16

What is the method of action of Metformin?

Back 16

reduction of hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreased absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract, and increased insulin sensitivity.

Hint 16

There are three

Front 17

What does Glipizide (Glucotrol) treat?

Back 17

treats Type II diabetes by increasing beta cell production

Front 18

What does Glyburide (Micronase, DiaBeta) treat?

Back 18

treats Type II diabetes by increasing beta cell production of insulin

-2nd Generation Sulfonylureas

Front 19

What is the mode of action of Sulfonylureas?

Back 19

Stimulates the release of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells

Front 20

What's the difference between first and second generation sulfonylureas?

Back 20

Second generation (fewer drug interactions, & side effects, more commonly prescribed)

Front 21

Notes: in rare cases, ------ may lead to lactic acidosis (it can impair the hepatic metabolism of lactic acid)

Back 21

Metformin

Front 22

Pioglitazone (Actos)

Back 22

oral hypoglycemic, thiazolidinedione derivatives

Front 23

Rosiglitazone (Avandia)

Back 23

oral hypoglycemic, thiazolidinedione derivatives

Front 24

Name two thiazolidinediones (glitazones):

Back 24

Pioglitazone & Rosiglitazone

Hint 24

-glitazone

Rosi/Pio

Front 25

Type I diabetes mellitus

Back 25

An inability to metabolize carbohydrates caused by an overt insulin deficiency that occurs in children and adults

Front 26

Type II diabetes mellitus

Back 26

Type of diabetes in which patients are not insulin dependent but they may take insulin to correct the hyperglycemia

Front 27

What does glucagon initiate?

Back 27

Glycogenolysis

Front 28

Action of glycogenolysis?

Back 28

Opposes the action of insulin (increasing the blood glucose level)

Front 29

IDDM

Back 29

Insulin-dependent diabetes, Type I diabetes mellitus, also known as juvenile-onset diabetes.

Front 30

Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?

Back 30

ed pulse rate, abnormal breathing, and a fruity, acetone odor to their breath.

Front 31

Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Back 31

Weakness, nervousness, cold and clammy skin, sweating, paleness of the skin, and shallow, rapid breathing. Notify physician if any of these symptoms occur.

Front 32

Which insulin has the longest duration?
a. Regular
b. Lente
c. NPH
d. Ultra Lente

Back 32

d. Ultra Lente

Front 33

Which type of insulin can be given intravenously?
a. Regular
b. Lente
c. NPH
d. Ultra Lente

Back 33

a. Regular

Front 34

How does Diazoxide (Proglycem) work?

Back 34

Inhibits the generation of an action potential, by switching off calcium ion channels and activating potassium channels (increasing smooth muscle tissue membrane permeability to potassium ions)

Front 35

Uses of Diazoxide (Proglycem)

Back 35

It is used as a vasodilator in the treatment of acute hypertension

It reverses hypoglycemia, raising blood sugar.

Front 36

What is hypertension?

Back 36

Chronically elevated high blood pressure

Hypertension has been associated with a higher risk of heart attack or stroke.

Front 37

What medications are used to treat diabetes mellitus?

Back 37

anti-diabetic drugs or oral hypoglycemic agents

Front 38

non-oral antidiabetic drugs:

Back 38

Insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide.

(Exenatide and pramlintide are new injectable medications approved in 2005 in the U.S. by the FDA to treat Diabetes mellitus type 2)

Front 39

Sulfonylureas bind strongly to _______.

Back 39

plasma proteins

Front 40

Sulfonylureas are only useful in ________, as they work by stimulating the release of insulin.

Back 40

Type II diabetes

Front 41

Name three first-generation Sulfonylureas

Back 41

1. tolbutamide (Orinase)
2. tolazamide (Tolinase)
3. chlorpropamide(Diabinese)

Front 42

Name three second-generation Sulfonylureas

Back 42

1. glipizide (Glucotrol)
2. glyburide (Diabeta, Micronase, Glynase)
3. glimepiride (Amaryl)

Front 43

What does the medication class, thiazolidinedione, treat?

Back 43

The only approved use of the thiazolidinediones is in diabetes mellitus type 2

Front 44

What is Glucagon?

Back 44

Glucagon helps maintain the level of glucose in the blood by binding to glucagon receptors on hepatocytes, causing the liver to release glucose - stored in the form of glycogen - through a process known as glycogenolysis.

Front 45

What is Acarbose (Precose)?

Back 45

an anti-diabetic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in some countries, prediabetes

Front 46

What is the mechanism of action of Acarbose?

Back 46

Acarbose inhibits enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates, thereby reducing the rate of digestion of complex carbohydrates.

Less glucose is absorbed because the carbohydrates are not broken down into glucose molecules.

Front 47

What drug class usually ends in -ide?

Back 47

Oral hypoglycemics