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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alzeimers Disease
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Acetylcholine; loss of cholinergic neurons
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Schizophrenia, Prakinsons disease
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schizophrenia- too much dopamine
Parkinsons; too little dopamin in the nirgrotiatal tract |
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Depression, Bipolar disorder
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NE, EN, serotonin
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Serotonergic system
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-neurons originate: raphe nuclei to protect limbic system and c. cortex
-maintains sleep wake cycle *increased seratonin=schizophrenia* |
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Noradrenegic System
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-NE
-neurons orginae: locus ceruleus to protect limbic system -maintains emotional ton -increased noradrenergic activity=mania in bipolar disorder |
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Seratonin syndrome (SES)
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increased levels of serotonin
-confusion, anxiety, restlessness, hypertension, tremors, sweating, hyperpyrexia, and ataxia -caused by co-admin SSRIs + MAOIs SSRIs + TCAs SSRIs + Lithium SSRIs + St. John’s Wart MDMA (ecstasy) |
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Why the disparity between pharmacological effect and onset of therapeutic response?
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-The cascade is responsible for the lag in the therapeutic effect
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in order for someone to be manic they have to have symtoms for...
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-1 weeks
Grandiose ideas, inflated self-esteem Reduced need for sleep Constant talking & movement Racing thoughts Distractibility or agitation Impulsiveness, attention seeking, dangerous behaviours |
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Lithium
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-Effective for the treatment of mania and reducing the frequency and magnitude of mood changes
-take at bedtime Inhibits the synthesis of PIP, thereby decreasing the generation of IP3 and DAG |
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Nigrostriatal tract substantia nigra striatum)
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substantia nigra --> striatum
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Mesolimbic tract
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VTA--> limbic system, schizophrenia, prefrontal cortex-who you are
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Tuberoinfundibular tract
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hypothalamus--> pituitary; thirst, hunger, satiety
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Dopamine
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Involved in motor control, reward, and motivation
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+ve symptoms
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over exaggerated behaviour (ie. delusions, insomnia, paranoia, behavioural disturbances)
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-ve symptoms
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inhibition, less than would be the norm. response; (ie. social withdrawal, poor hygiene, anhedonia)
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Antipsychotic Drugs (neuroleptic drugs)
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-all dopamine D2 receptor antagonists
-Some also exhibit affinity for serotonin receptors (agonist 5HT1A & antagonist 5HT2A activity) |
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Haloperidol
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MECH: block D2 receptors in mesolimbic + mesocortical + nigrostriatal tracts
*pure DA agonist* EFFECTS: treats +ve symptoms of schizophrenia A.E: -acutre dystonia, parkinsonism, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia |
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Risperidone
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MECH: -potent D2 and 5HT2A antagonist, 5HT1A agonist
EFFECT: -treats positive (D-hallucinations + delusions) + negative symptoms (SE-blunted affect, anhedonia) |
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Clozapine (Atypical)
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MECH: Potent D2 and 5HT2A antagonist
EFFECT: Few anti-cholinergic effects - preferable in the treatment of psychosis and agitation in dementia A.E: blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention |
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Olanzapine
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MECH: Weak D2 antagonist, potent 5HT2A antagonist
*Potent cholinergic antagonist A.E Sedation, weight gain, hyperglycemia |
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Levedopa
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MECH: Levodopa (L-dopa) converted to dopamine by dopamine decarboxylase
EFFECTS: increases DA in CNS A.E: nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias and orthostatic hypotension |
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Carbidopa
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Prevents the conversion of L-dopa into DA
-can not pass blood brain barrier |
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Anticholinergic Drugs
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MECH: block muscarininc receptors
EFFECT: revers EPS caused by anti psychotic drugs AE: Dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, urinary retention and constipation |
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
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GOAL: improve activities of daily living, behaviour and cognition
-used in early stages of alzeimers when Ach neurons are still present & functioning EFFECTS: Parasympathomimetic effects |
