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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Local Anesthesia |
sensation is lost without the loss of consciousness; also called surface or regional anesthesia |
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general anesthesia |
loss of consciousness; loss of sensation throughout the entire body |
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five major routes for applying local anesthetics |
topical, infiltration, nerve block, spinal, and epidural |
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cocaine |
ester; local |
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procaine (novocain) |
local; ester; short acting |
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benzocain (solarcaine) |
topical OTC; local |
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tetracaine |
local |
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proparacaine (alcaine, ophthetic) |
short term; local |
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amide |
replaced the esters because they produce fewer side effects; longer duration; local |
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marcaine (bupivacaine) |
long acting; local |
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mepivacaine HCL (carbocation HCL) |
local |
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lidocaine |
local; moderate acting; cause hypersensitivity reactions |
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epidural |
local |
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spinal |
local |
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interscalene |
local; shoulder surgery |
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caudal |
local; GYN procedures |
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thoracentesis |
local |
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why is epinephrine used in local anesthetics? |
lengthen action, decreased effects of vasodilation; NEVER USE IN IV |
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balanced anesthesia |
general anesthesia is rarely achievec with a single drug; multiple medications are used to rapidly induce unconsciousness, cause muscle relaxatino, and maintain deep anesthesia |
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what stage does most surgery occur? |
stage 3; surgical anesthesia |
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stage 4 is the most dangerous, why? |
paralysis of the medulla; breathing can stop |
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cardiovascular effects in general anesthesia |
alterations in BP, HR; dysrhythmias |
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respiratory effects in general anestheisa |
respiratory depression, laryngospasm |
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nitrous oxide |
gas; general anesthesia |
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enflurane (ethrane) / isoflurane (forane)** |
volatile liquids; general |
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neuroleptanalgesia |
comining the opioid fentanyl with the antiphsycohotic agent |
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etomidate (amidate) |
IV, general |
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ketamine; ketalar |
IV, general |
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propofol; diprivan |
IV, general |
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bensodiazepines |
valium, ativan, versed |
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sufentanil; sufenta |
opioid, general |
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fentanyl, sublimiaze |
general, opioid |
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neuromuscular blockades |
primary adjuncts during surgery; cause paralysis without loss of consciousness (inability to move); depolarizing/nondepolarizing |
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succinylcholine; anectine |
depolarizing; neuromuscular blockers; total skeletal muscle paralysis |
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semuron, nimbex, norcuron |
nondepolarizing; prevent muscle contraction |
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adjuncts to anesthesia |
medications given to complement effects of general anesthesia; treat anticipated side effects of anesthesia; reverse the effect of anesthesia; may be given before, during, or after surgery |
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opioids |
fentanyl, morphine, remifentanil, hydromorphine (complement effects of general anesthesia) |
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histamine blockers, dopamine blockers |
treat anticipated side effects of anesthesia |
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neostigmine, flumazenil |
reversal agents of anesthesia |
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what induction agent is usually used during general? |
diprivan |
