Drugs & Crime Ch. 2 & 3

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Shamanism

Back 1

The philosophy and practice of healing in which the diagnosis or treatment is based on trancelike states, either on the part of the healer (shaman) or the patient

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Shaman

Back 2

A healer whose diagnosis or treatment of patients is based at least in part on trances. These trances are frequently induced by hallucinogenic drugs

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Ebers Papyrus

Back 3

An Egyptian document, dated approximately 1500 B.C., containing more than 800 prescriptions for common ailments and diseases

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Placebo

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Any change in a person's condition after taking a drug, based solely on that person's beliefs about the drug rather than on any physical effects of the drug

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Laissez-faire

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The philosophy of exerting as little governmental control and regulation as possible

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Patent Medicine

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A drug or combination of drugs sold through peddlers, shops, or mail-order advertisements

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Speakeasies

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Business establishments that sold liquor illegally during the Prohibition era

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Prohibition

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A period between 1920 and 1933 in the United States when alcohol manufacture and sale was illegal

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French Connection

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A term referring to the supply route of heroin in the 1960s from Turkey (where opium poppies were grown) to port cities in France (where heroin was manufactured) to cities in the United States (where heroin was distributed)

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Moral Model

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an explanation for drug use in which drug-taking behavior is attributed to personal inadequacies, overindulgence, a weakness of will, or other serious character flaw

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Nucleus accumbens

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a region of the brain considered to be responsible for the reinforcing effects of several drugs of abuse

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Psychoanalytic explanations

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theoretical explanations based upon the writings of Sigmund Freud and those influenced by him. In terms of drug use and abuse, psychoanalytic concepts include subconscious processes that develop in early childhood, a fixation on the oral stage of development, expressions of power, and self-loathing

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Neurotransmitters

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Chemical substances that a neuron uses to communicate information at the synapse

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Behavioral theory

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an explanation of behavior based upon the effect of reinforcement on learned responses to one's environment

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Anomie

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In sociological terms, feelings of frustration and alienation when individuals see themselves as not being able to meet the demands of society. Anomie theory is sometimes referred to as strain theory

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Social Control Theory

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a sociological theory of drug use based on weakened social bonds between an individual and social entities such as family, religious affiliation, school, and community. Social control theory is sometimes referred to as bonding theory

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Differential Association theory

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a sociological theory of drug use based upon the premise that drug-taking behavior is learned in interactions and communications with other individuals

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Subculture

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a subdivision within a dominant culture that has its own norms, beliefs, and values. An example is a drug subculture that provides the social bonding for continued drug use and abuse

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Labeling Theory

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a sociological theory of drug use that emphasizes the process by which a drug user internalizes a newly acquired label of deviance and continues a pattern of drug-taking behavior that is based on the expectations of others

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Primary deviance

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nonconformist behavior associated with drug experimentation. It is temporary, exploratory, and easily concealed from others

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Secondary Deviance

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persistent nonconformist behavior by an individual who has been labeled as deviant and whose deviant behavior is based upon expectations of others

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Biopsychosocial Model

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a theoretical perspective on drug use that recognizes the biological, psychological, and sociological factors underlying drug-taking behavior and encourages an integrated approach toward drug-abuse treatment

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Risk factors

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factors in an individual's life that increase the likelihood of involvement with drugs

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Protective factors

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factors in an individual's life that decrease the likelihood of involvement with drugs and reduce the impact that any risk factor might have