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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Addiction |
controversial and complex term that has different meanings for different people |
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Instead of "addiction," the textbook uses this term |
dependence |
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Abuse |
the use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug use causes problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occuring |
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Dependence |
refers to a state in which the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that it appears that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug |
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Tolerance |
reduced effect of a drug after repeated use |
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Laissez-faire |
hands-off approach to government |
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Three reasons why government began regulating... |
1. Toxicity 2. Dependence 3. Crime |
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Toxicity |
poisonous, dangerous |
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Acute |
comes on suddenly |
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Chronic |
long-lasting |
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Withdrawal syndrome |
a consistent set of symptoms that appear after discontinuing use of a drug |
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Physical dependence |
drug dependence defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome, implying that the body has become adopted to the drug's presence |
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Psychological dependence |
behavioral dependence; indicated by high rate of drug use, craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after stopping use |
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Cocaine |
a stimulant; the primary active chemical in coca |
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FDA |
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
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IND |
application to investigate a new drug in human trials "notice of claimed Investigation exemption for a New Drug" |
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DEA |
Drug Enforcement Administration, a branch of the Department of Justice |
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Bureau of Narcotics |
1930 Congress created it. Treasury Department |
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Homeostasis |
maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range (ex. temperature, blood pressure) |
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Cell Body |
central region of a neuron, which is the control center |
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Dendrites |
branchlike structure that extend from the cell body and specialize in receiving signals from other neurons |
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Axon |
a thin tube that extends from the cell body and specialize in receiving signals from other neurons |
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Axon terminals |
the end region of the axon |
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Membrane |
a thin, limiting covering of a cell |
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Receptors |
recognition mechanisms that respond to specific chemical signals |
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Neurotransmitter |
chemical messengers released from axon terminals |
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Synaptic vesicles |
small bubbles of membrane that store neurotransmitters |
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Myelin |
a fatty, white substance that is wrapped around portions of the axons |
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Glial cells |
one of two major cell types in the nervous system Provides firmness and structure to brain Get nutrients into system Eliminate waste Form myelin Communicated with other glia and neurons Create blood-brain barrier |
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Precursor |
chemicals that are acted on by enzymes to form neurotransmitters |
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DAWN |
Drug Abuse Warning Network; system for collecting data on drug-related deaths or emergency room visits |
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Blood-brain barrier |
structure that prevents many drugs from entering the brain |
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Neurotransmission |
the process of transferring information from one neuron to another at a synapse |
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Action Potential |
the electrical signal transmitted along the axon when a neuron fires |
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Autonomic |
the part of the nervous system that controls "involuntary" functions such as heart rate |
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Sympathetic |
branch of the autonomic system involved in flight or fight response |
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Parasympathetic |
the branch of the autonomic system that stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state |
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Acetylcholine |
neurotransmitter found in the parasympathetic branch in the cerebral cortex |
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Norepinephrine |
neurotransmitter that may be important for regulating waking and appetite |
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Dopamine |
neurotransmitter found in the basal ganglia and other regions |
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Central Nervous System |
CNS. Brain and spinal cord |
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Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway |
one of two major dopamine pathways; may be involved in psychotic reactions and in drug reward |
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Nigrostriatal Dopamine Pathway |
one of the two major dopamine pathways; damaged in Parkinson's disease |
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Serotonin |
neurotransmitter found int he raphe nuclei; may be important for impulsivity, depression |
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GABA |
inhibitory neurotransmitter found in most regions of the brain |
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Endorphin |
opiate-like chemical that occurs naturally in the brains of humans and other animals |
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Glutamate |
excitatory neurotransmitter found in most regions of the brain |
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Synapse |
the space between neurons |
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Agonist |
a substance that facilitates or mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell |
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Antagonist |
a substance that prevents the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell |
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Generic |
a name that specifies a particular chemical but not a particular brand |
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Placebo |
an inactive drug |
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Double-blind procedure |
experiment in which neither the doctor nor the patients knows which drug is being used |
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Dose-response curve |
a graph comparing the size of response to the amount of drug |
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Potency |
measured by the amount of drug required to produce an effect |
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Cumulative effects |
effects of giving multiple doses of the same drug |
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Caffeinism |
excessive use of caffeine |
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Name the different routes of administration with regards to drug effects and access to the blood stream |
1. Oral Administration 2. Insufflation 3. Intravenous injection 4. Subcutaneous injection 5. Intramuscular injection 6. Inhalation |
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Oral Administration |
Relatively slow absorption Drugs must withstand digestive processes and pass through cells lining the GI tract into bloodstream Drugs then pass through liver |
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Insufflation |
Rapid onset of effects Absorption through mucous membranes into bloodstream occurs rapidly |
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Intravenous injection |
Rapid onset of effects Drug is delivered directly into bloodstream High concentrations can be delivered RISKS: irritating material may be injected; damaged veins; blood-borne diseases |
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Subcutaneous injection/"skin popping" |
Under the skin RISK: can cause necrosis |
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Intramuscular injection |
Into muscle Absorption is more rapid from intramuscular injection due to the greater blood supply in muscles |
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Inhalation |
rapid onset of effects drugs move from lungs into bloodstream through capillary walls |
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The Process of Neurotransmission [Brief chain of events] |
1. Resting potential is caused by uneven distribution of ions -Neuron is hyperpolarized 2. Ion channels open allowing electrically charged particles to move inside the cell -As a result, neuron may become depolarized -"All-or-none" action potential occurs -Note: Blocking ion channels prevents the action potential and disrupts neural communication 3. Neurotransmitters are released |
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What are opioids? |
Narcotics Reduce pain Ex. morphine, codeine, heroine, methadone |
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What are stimulants? |
Produce wakefulness, a sense of energy Ex. cocaine, amphetamine, caffeine |
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What are depressants? |
Slow nervous system activity Ex. alcohol, barbiturates, other sedatives, sleeping pills, inhalants |
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What are hallucinogens? |
Produce altered perceptions Ex. mescaline, LSD, PCP |
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What are psychotherapeutics? |
Treat symptoms of mental disorders Ex. Prozac, Haldol |
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Risk Factors for Drug Use |
1. Having friends who use drugs Engaging in fighting or stealing Perceiving that substance is prevalent at school Knowing adults who use drugs Having a positive attitude toward drugs Generally urban-minimal parental monitoring, stealing, fights, poor academics |
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Protective Factors for Drug Use |
1. Perceiving strong sanctions against drug use at school Having supportive parents Being committed in school Being involved in religious activities Participating in two or ore extracurricular activities |
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Process required for a pharmaceutical company to test and market a new drug |
PHASE 1: How the drug is absorbed and excreted Low doses, 20-80 healthy volunteers PHASE 2: Initial effectiveness testing A few hundred patients who could benefit PHASE 3: Broader effectiveness testing Typically 1,000-5,000 patients |
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General Principles of Psychoactive Drug Use |
1. Every drug has multiple effects 2. Both the size and quality of a drug's effect depends on the amount taken 3. The effect of any drug depends on individual's history and expectations 4. Drugs, per se, are not good or bad. |
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Unpleasant symptoms associated with too much caffeine intake/caffeinism |
Nervousness Irritability Tremors Muscle twitching Insomnia Flushing appearance Elevated temperature Palpitations Heart arrhythmias Gastrointestinal disturbances |
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Mainstream smoke |
smoke inhaled/exhaled by smoker (gone through filter) |
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Sidestream smoke |
smoke rising from ash of cigarette (more dangerous, more carcinogens, straight nicotine and tar, BUT smoke is more diluted) |
