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245 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Expectation
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Can influence the effect of a drug similar to a placebo
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Context
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Novel environments and self-administration increase effectiveness. Route can also have an impact - (patch v. cigs)
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Behavior originates in the _________
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Nervous system
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Drugs that influence behavior do so b/c of their effects on the
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Nervous system
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Neurons are located in the
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CNS
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The CNS contains
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Glial cells and neurons
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Neurons are ___________ cells
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excitable
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Neurons _________ & __________ information
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transmit and process
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Neurons control
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everything
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Neurons are contained in
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a membrane made of a lipid bi-layer with large protein molecules embedded
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Proteins make cells excitable by
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moving ions across the membrane
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What are the targets for many drugs?
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Proteins
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Charge inside the neuron
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negative
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Charge outside the neuron
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positive
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What is maintained by ionized molecules?
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resting potential
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What is the charge of the inside of the neuron and what does it represent?
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-70mV - it's an arbitrary number based on setting the outside charge of the neuron at 0
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Ion processes
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Active transport
Simple Diffusion Electrostatic charge |
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What facilitates active transport
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ion pump
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What is an Ion pump
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Protein molecule that moves ions from one side of the membrane to the other
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How does the ion pump maintain resting potential
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by pumping 3 positive sodium ions out and 2 positive potassium ions in - leaving the outside more positive
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diffusion - ion process
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substance moving from an area of high concentration to an are of low concentration.
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Electrostatic charge
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The tendency for similar electric charges to repel and opposites to attract. positive ions are repelled by positive outside and attracted by negative inside.
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Ion channels
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Large protein molecules embedded in the membrane that allow ions to pass through
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Ion channels are selective
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they only allow certain ions to pass through at certain rates
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Action potential is how
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information is transmitted
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Action potential is the
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restoration and breakdown of resting potential
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Depolarization
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when the neuron fires
Membrane potential is less negative |
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Hyperpolarization
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Membrane potential is more negative
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Myelin is made of
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Glia
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How fast the AP happens depends on
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the amount of myelin and the gaps
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AP's are called __________ in dendrites and on the cell body
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Post synaptic potentials (PSP)
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Synapse is where
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communication happens
presynaptic and postsynaptic |
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Pre-synaptic neuron releases a ________ which _________ to a ________ to generate a (PSP or AP)
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Neurotransmitter
binds receptor PSP |
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Neurotransmitters can be
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excitatory or inhibitory
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Most common excitatory neurotransmitter
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Glutimate
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Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter
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GABA
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Most understood neurotransmitters
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Catecholamines
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Catecholamines
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Epinephrine
Nor-epinephrine Dopamine Serotonin 5HT |
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Agonism
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Mimc NT and bind to the same receptor groups and cause similar effects to original NT
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Antagonism - Neurotransmitter
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Drugs occupy the receptor but have no effect - blocks normal neurotransmission
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What is a drug?
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Any substance that:
alters physiology of the body that is not a food or nutrient |
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The word drug is derived from the French word _______________.
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drogue - dry powder
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The definition of a drug must also consider the
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intention of the drug user, soda, caffeine for example
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Names of drugs
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Chemical
Generic Trade |
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Chemical name of drug
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Chemical compound
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Generic name of drug
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close to the chemical name and often have consistent endings (caine - anesthetics) Diazepam
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Trade name of drug
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Some drugs with the same chemical name for the active ingredient can have different trade name due to formulation - Valium
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Dosages
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mg - milligrams
mg/kg |
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Why are dosages in mg/kg
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keeps dosage constant in human adults, children and other animals
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Why is a human dose much less than that of a rodent
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because a rodent has a faster metabolism
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Dose response curves are used to
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test doses
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Dose response curve - low
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no effect of drug
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Dose response curve - high
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effect of drug stops increasing
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DRC
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Dose response curve
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DRC plot
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dose vs. effect
dose on Hz axis effect on vertical |
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DRC's are used to
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determine the effective and lethal dose of a new durg
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ED sub 50
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Median effective dose (50%)
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LD sub 50
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Median lethal dose (50%)
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Therapeutic index is used to
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test safety
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TI =
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LD sub 50 / ED sub 50
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Differences in ED50 describe
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potency
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The lower the ED 50 the
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more potent
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The lower the ED 50 the _________ drug it takes to be effective __________ of the time
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less
50% |
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Effectiveness
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the maximum effect of a drug will produce at any dose
eg: morphine is more effective than aspirin |
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Drug effects
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Primary
Side effects |
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Primary effect
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the reason a drug is taken
take an Advil for fever reduction |
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Side effect
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an effect that isn't directly related to the reason for taking the drug
Advil is also and anti-inflammatory |
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Drug interactions
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Antagonism
Additive effect Superadditive effect |
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Antagonism
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One drug diminishes the effectiveness of another drug
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Additive effect
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One drug is more effective with the presence of another
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Superadditive effect
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a greater additive effect than what you would expect from adding A and B
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Plot 2 DRC's
Antagonism Additive/Superadditive |
If the ED 50 increases in the DRC with drug A&B from the one with just A
If the ED 50 decreases with A+B |
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Pharmokinetics
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How drugs move into, get around and move out of the body
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3 processes of pharmokinetics
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Absorption
Distribution Excretion |
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Absorption
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How a drug gets into blood
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Distribution
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where a drug goes in the body
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Excretion
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how a drug leaves the body
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Although drugs move all around the body they usually have a
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specific site of action
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Routes of administration - def
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The way a drug gets into the body form the outside world: Natural (ingestion) or artificial (injection)
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Routes of administration - type
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Parenteral
Inhalation Nasal Oral Buccal Digestive |
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Parenteral
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Injection through the skin in to parts of the body using a hollow needle and syringe.
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Vehicle
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The liquid a powder drug must be mixed in for an injection. Usually saline or water but some drugs don't dissolve in water so another must be used
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Injections form a small
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bubble or bolus
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4 common parenteral routes
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Subcutaneous
Intramuscular Intraperitoneal Intravenous |
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Subcutaneous
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s.c. or sub-q
Under the skin |
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Intramuscular
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i.m
In the muscle |
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Intraperitoneal
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i.p.
In the body trunk |
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Intraveneous
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i.v. (mainlining)
directly in the vein |
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Speed of absorption in order
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i.v.
i.p. i.m. s.c. |
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can s.c. be faster than i.m.
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yes if i.m. is in super fatty tissue
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Other than i.v. injection must pass through
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walls of capillaries
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areas with more ___________ have faster absorption rates
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blood flow
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___________ have pores that allow drugs or nutrients to pass through
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Capillary walls
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Inhalation
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gases are absorbed from the air, then into the lungs
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Gases absorbed from the air into the lungs are distributed
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very quicly
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Per oral
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p.o.
By Mouth |
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Is chewing tobacco by oral?
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no - buccal
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Digestive system also used in
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rectal administration
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Some of the drug is absorbed into the ____________ in the ____________ but most occurs in the _____
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bloodstream
stomach intestines |
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food _______ absorption
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delays
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Walls of _________ are lined with capillaries, behind the _________ of the ___________ wall
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intestines
membrane intestinal |
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Intestinal membranes contain a ___________
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lipid bilayer
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fat soluble
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drugs must be able to be dissolved in fat in order for absorption to occur
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lipid solubility
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different drugs have different abilities to dissolve in fats
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olive oil partition coefficient - significance
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very lipid soluble drugs are found more in the oil
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olive oil partition coefficient - recipe
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equal parts water and olive oil. fixed amount of drug. later the drug is measured in the separated oil and water
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Are ions lipid soluble?
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no
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Do ions pass through membranes well?
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no
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Many drugs are __________ when put into liquid
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ionized
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some drugs become ________ at low pH.
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non-ionized
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Ionized caffeine when in the low pH of the intestines becomes
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de-ionized and quickly absorbed
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Stomach is __________ pH
Intestines are ___________pH |
high
Low |
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Intestines are _______pH
Stomach is __________pH |
Low
High |
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Stomach acid
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high pH
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Transdermal administration
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highly lipid soluble substances can be absorbed through the layers of skin
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Is transdermal administration fast or slow
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slow - the slowest
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examples of transdermal administration
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nicotine patch, birth control patch
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Drugs that have high lipid solubility are less/more efficient
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less
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Why are drugs with high lipid solubility less efficient
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They are concentrated outside the CNS in body fat
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Blood-brain barrier
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lipid layer to keep some things out of the brain
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To get to the brain a drug must be ________ soluble
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lipid
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There are some _______________ systems to allow non-lipid soluble drugs into blood
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special transport
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Some drugs bind to protein in the blood and thus never ________ back out of blood to impact ____
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diffuse
CNS |
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Placental barrier
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like blood brain barrier and protects fetus from some toxins
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Excretion - how
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In feces
sweat and saliva most from liver and kidneys |
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Kidneys maintain
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water-salt balance
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Kidneys excrete
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excess water and unwanted substances in urine
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Kidneys filter
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the blood and then reabsorb the good stuff
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Unless they use a special transport system, like __________ non-lipid soluble or _________ substances are filtered out
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glucose
ionized |
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Barbiturate overdose
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you can make the urine basic with sodium bicarbonate and ionizing the barbiturate preventing reabsorption
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Liver filters
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Molecules that enter are changed via enzymes
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Alcohol dehydrogenase
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removes hydrogen from alcohol and makes it acetaldehyde
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Metabolism
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The process of restructuring molecules
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Metabolites
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the products of metabolism
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Metabolites are usually
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less active and less toxic than original
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Metabolites that are more active or harmful
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THC or Chloral hydrate
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Detoxification
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The metabolic process of making drugs less toxic
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First pass metabolism
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drugs that enter through the digestive system pass through the stomach and liver first before returning to the heart
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What routes of administration don't have first pass metabolism
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Nasal, rectal, buccal and lungs
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If a drug doesn't go through first pass metabolism what is the result?
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It reaches higher levels in the body
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What alters drug metabolism?
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Stimulation of enzyme systems
Depression of enzyme systems |
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Metabolism - stimulation of enzyme systems
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one drug enters, using one efficient enzyme system = fast metabolism
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Metabolism - depression of enzyme systems
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2 drugs enter, compete for same enzyme = low metabolism
(alcohol and opiates) |
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What other factors alter metabolism
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Age - newborn and elderly slower metabolism
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Blood levels of a drug
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changes over time because of constant absorption, filtering and excretion
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Therapeutic Window
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Both absorption and excretion can be plotted to determine the time window when a drug is most effective
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Independent variable
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manipulated event or condition
Often the amount of drug |
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Dependent variable
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observed event that is measured
some change in behavior or state of the subject |
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Experimental and control groups - all external factors should be held
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constant
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Why do we have control groups
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so we can determine drug effects
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Types of designs
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within subject design
between subject design |
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Within subject design
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drugged and non drugged behaviors observed in the same subject
Subject serves as her own control |
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Between subject design
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two groups of subjects, one experimental and one control
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Which experimental design would you use with a stable behavior like eating?
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WS
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WS
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within subject
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Which experimental design would you use if performance would change on repeated measurement?
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BS
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BS
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Between subject
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Why are statistics used in WS and BS experiments
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to determine if the observed drug effects are significantly different from what chance would predict
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Placebo- why
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to control if the act of injection or pill taking alone may have an effect. We must be sure that the entire effect is only from the drug
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Placebo effects
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Sometimes, with humans, taking a placebo alone can cause and effect
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LIPRAGUS
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Sugarpill backwards - first sugar pill ever used
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Blind studies
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the subject and the experimenter do not know the group identity of each subject (either experimental or control)
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Double blind studies prevent
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the experimenter from biasing the results in some way
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3-group designs
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placebo group
experimental group existing treatment |
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Why is a 3-group design good
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it examines the effect of the new drug but also compares to a known treatment
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Correlation
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does not mean causation
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To really understand the effect of a drug, you must do a
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controlled experiment
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Three measurements of behavior and performance in humans
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Perception
Cognitive performance Motor performance |
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Why do we simulate things like driving in the lab and not rely on field tests?
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There is a lack of control data - don't know how the person acts normally or if there's another reason for the behavior
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Behavior in animals - two kinds
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Unconditioned behavior
Conditioned behavior |
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Unconditioned behavior
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Unlearned or natural
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Conditioned behavior
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Learned behavior
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In human critical trials, there must be
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transparency
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Tolerance
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the decreased effectiveness of a drug from repeated use
the necessity of increasing the dose in order to maintain its effectiveness after repeated use |
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Tolerance to different drugs ______ and _______ at different rates so is likely to be the result of ____________.
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develops and dissipates
many processes |
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Metabolic tolerance
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an increase in the rate at which the body metabolizes and excretes a drug
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Physiological tolerance
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adjustments made by the body to compensate for the effect of the continued presence of the drug
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What is the type of tolerance resulting from homeostasis?
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physiological tolerance
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Behavioral tolerance
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tolerance that is influenced by learning and conditioning
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Withdrawal Symptoms - define
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Physiological changes that occur when the use of a drug is stopped or the dosage is decreased
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Withdrawal Symptoms are similar within drug ___________.
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families
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Withdrawal symptoms stop if the
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drug is given
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Drug Dependence is a ________ term
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tricky
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Drug dependence - def
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When discontinuation of a drug causes withdrawal symptoms
When a person takes a drug compulsively |
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There is a difference between physiological and
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psychological dependence
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Hangover and tolerance
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Acute form of tolerance
withdrawal symptoms when alcohol blood levels decrease |
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hangover is mostly due to
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hydration and vitamin B depletion
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Conditioned drug tolerance
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In a certain setting or cues
Stimuli always present when drug is given |
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Conditioned drug tolerance - heroin
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addicts can overdose with a usual dose in a new setting
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Sensitization
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Drug effect increases with repeated administration
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reverse tolerance
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sensitization
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Sensitization occurs with some __________ given at low doses. Over time, the same low dose causes increased _________. Cause -
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stimulants
activation effects learning and conditioning |
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The nervous system
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PNS
CNS |
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PNS
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Peripheral nervous system
Somatic Autonomic |
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Somatic nervous system
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PNS
all sensory motor |
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Autonomic nervous system
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Visceral
Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
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Autonomic nervous system - subdivided
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parasympathetic
sympathetic |
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parasympathetic
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Autonomic
normal function |
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sympathetic
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Autonomic
Fight or flight |
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CNS - parts
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Brain and spinal cord
Retina |
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Human brain stats
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3 lbs
size of a medium cauliflower 100 billion neurons 100 trillion synapses |
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Three main players in the human brain
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Cerebral hemispheres
Cerebellum Brain stem |
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Cerebral Hemispheres - what it controls
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sensory information is processed
voluntary movement regulates conscious thought and mental activity |
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Cerebral Hemispheres - stats
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85% of the brains weight
two hemispheres connected by corpus callosum |
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Cerebral Hemisphere is covered by an
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outer layer called the cerebral cortex
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neo cortex
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the outer layer that covers the cerebral hemispheres - called the cerebral cortex
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Cerebellum - what it controls
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in charge of balance and coordination
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Cerebellum - stats
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takes up about 10% of brain
consists of two hemispheres |
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Cerebellum receives information from
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eyes, ears, and muscles and joints about body's movements and position
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Brain stem - where
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connects the spinal cord with the brain
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Brain stem - what it does
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relays and receives messages to and from muscles, skin and other organs
controls autonomic functions such as heart rates, blood pressure and breathing |
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Parts of the brain important for addiction
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Hippocampus
Thalamus Hypothalamus Limbic system |
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Hippocampus
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short-term memories are converted to long-term memories
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Thalamus
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Receives sensory and limbic information and sends to cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
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Monitors internal clock - regulation
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Limbic system
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emotion and instinctive behavior
includes hippocampus and parts of the cortex |
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Addiction centers
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amygdala
Locus Coeruleus Nucleus Accumbens |
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Drugs and development
|
Teratogens - cause defects you can see
others make changes that result in cognitive and behavioral abnormalities |
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Imaging techniques
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EEG/ERP
PET MRI fMRI |
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PET - what it does
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Visualizes brain activity when the patient is conscious and alert
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PET - name
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Positron Emission Tomography
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Pet scans measure
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metabolic changes in cortical regions
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fMRI - name
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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fMRI - function
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visualize brain activity while the patient is conscious and alert
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Addiction - history
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Abnormal behavior
deficient of willpower and morality problem for the church |
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Addiction was formally recognized as a disease in
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1950's
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Substance dependence is an official ___ disorder
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DSM
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Has an addiction disease been identified?
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No
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Two disease theories of addiction
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predisposition
exposure |
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Predisposition to addiction
|
some people are born with a genetic predisposition to become an addict
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Exposure theory
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Excessive exposure will make a person an addict
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Addiction is usually defined as
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drug use that is out of one's control
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Why is it hard to define addiction
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it's hard to ***** what behaviors are and are not under a person's control
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DSM definition - addiction
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Impaired control over the use of the drug
drug use has harmful consequences |
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2 models of dependence
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Physical and psychological
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Physical dependence
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Excessive drug use is motivated by the fear of the withdrawal symptoms
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Psychological dependence
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There is a psychological, as opposed to physical, withdrawal that causes a craving for a drug.
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Is psychological dependence easily observed?
|
no
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Which is true that we have psychological or physiological dependence?
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Both are probably true
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Psychological or physiological links to the body
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Psychological - the brain is involved in addiction
Physiological - obvious physical effects of dependence and withdrawal |
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Positive reinforcement
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The delivery of a desired stimulus after a behavior that increases the probability that the behavior will recur
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Negative reinforcement
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the removal of an adverse stimulus after a behavior that increases the probability the behavior will recur
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Example of negative reinforcement
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taking an aspirin for a headache
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Some people that aren't dependent on drugs or alcohol can ____________ them
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abuse
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Four criteria of abuse in the DSM
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Continued use despite problems
Failure to fulfill obligations Physically hazardous situations legal problems |
