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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bile Sequestants
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*Questran
Colestid Welchol ***BYPASSES THE LIVER****** ***REDUCES CHOLESTEROL***** -Treat hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia) -Increase conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and decrease hepatic cholesterol content -Increases HDL 15-35% side effets: taste bad, GI disturbances |
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Niacin
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Niacin (Nicobid)
-lower triglycerides -increase HDL side effects: Flushing and pruritus in upper torso and face, GI disturbances ****women in menopause shouldn't use**** -take at night |
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Fibric Acid Derivatives
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Clofibrate
Gemfibrozil Fenofibrate -used with diet changes to lower both elevated cholesterol and triglycerides -Increases HDL 15-35% Side effects: MILD GI disturbances **When used with a statin may increase adverse effects of statins |
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HMB-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
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*Most widely used lipid-lowering dug**
Atorvastatin Pravastatin Simvastatin Lovastatin -Treat hyperlipidemia -bocks synthesis of cholesterol and increase LDL recepors in liver.(therefore liver is able to remove more LDLs from the blood) side effects: GI disturbances, elevated liver enzymes **avoid grapefruit juice, monitor liver enzyme levels, and muscle tenderness** |
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Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor
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Zetia
-selectively inhibits the absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol across the intestinal wall. -**When combined with a statin even greater reductions of LDLs were found... but can be used alone in minor cases. -increases HDL by 4% (not very much) side effects: infrequent, but may include mild GI distress **alot of patients opt to try this drug first because it is milder and has less systemic effects** |
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Beta Adrenergic Blockers
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Propranolol
Atenolol Nadolol Metoprolol Esmolol Pinolol ***Ends in -olol******** -Anginal Prophylaxis -for Chronic Stable Angina & for patients with hypertention -Inhibits sympathetic nervous stimulation of the heart. -Blocks beta receptors in the heart causing: decreased HR, decrease force of contraction, decrease rate AV conduction. -Reduces oxygen demand side effects: bradycardia,depression, impotence, Worsening Heart Failure, GI complaints, Cardiac failure, Hypotension, nightmares, fatigue, wheezing, weakness **clients with Heart Failure, bronchitis, asthma, COPD, renal or hepatic insufficiency have increased likelihood or incurring adverse reactions. |
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Calcium Channel Blockers
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Calan
Nifedpine Nicardipine Amlodipine Diltiazem ***Majority end in -PINE***** -Anginal prophylaxis -for Chronic Stable Angina and for patients with hypertension. -Taken if B-Adrenergic blockers are contraindicted, poorly tolerated, or do not control angina symptoms. -*Blocks movement of extracellular calcium into cells, causing vasodilation, and decreased HR, contractility, and SVR. *Limit caffeine consumption ***Avoid GRAPEFRUIT juice with these drug b/c it will increase serum levels causing hypotension. *high fat meals also elevate serum levels. side effects: Bradycardia, nausea, headache, dizziness, peripheral edema *Contraindicted in patients with second or third-degree heart block. |
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Opiod Analgestics
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Morphine
-analgestic & sedative -vasodilator ****MONITOR RESPIRATIONS**** |
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Antiplatelet Agents
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Anticoagulant (Do not rub)
Aspirin Plavix Ticlid -Short term use -prevention of thrombolytic disorders Side effects: GI irritation & bleeding, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hemorrhage |
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Anticoaulants
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Heparin
Coumadin Levanox |
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Heparin
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Anticoagulant
administered SQ or IV as an antagonist (prevention) of the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin side effects: hemorrhage, agranulocytosis,leukopenia, hepatitis Antidote to Heparin: PROTAMINE SULFATE PTT - keep 1.5 to 2.5 times normal control |
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Warfarin sodium
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Anticoagulant
Coumadin -blocks the formation of prothrombin from vitamin K side effects: hemorrhage, agranulocytosis,leukopenia, hepatitis *avoid sudden change in intake of food high in vitamin K. *PT - keep 1.5 to 2.5 times normal control *INR - international normalized ratio (reflects how long it takes a blood sample to clot -normal 2-3 seconds) Antidote - VITAMIN K |
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Low molecular anticoagulants
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Lovenox
Fragmin -prevention of thrombolytic formation (deep vein) side effects: GI irritation, bleeding, thrombocytopenia |
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Fibrinolytic Therapy
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streptokinase
Tissue Plasminogen activator (TPA) Urokinase Eminase -breaks up fibrin meshwork in clots |
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What is ACE?
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme(ACE)
-Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II - Angiotensin is formed when the kidneys release renin in response to decrease blood flow - Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs - Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict and the kidneys to retain sodium and fluid while excreting potassium (These actions increase circulating fluid and raise the pressure against which the heart must pump, resulting in increased cardiac workload) |
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ACE Inhibitors
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Captopril
Enalapril Lisinopril *****Ends in –PRIL**** -prevents the conversion of angiotensin from I to II - In the absence of angiotensin II, the blood pressure decreases and the kidneys excrete sodium and fluid (diuresis) so the oxygen demand of the heart is significantly decreased Side effects: **Cough *Monitor BP, serum sodium, & potassium levels |
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Diuretics
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Loop Diuretic
Thiazide Diuretic Potassium-Sparing Diuretic |