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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Isoproterenol
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C: Non-selective β-agonist
I: bradycardia/ 2nd-3rd degree heart block whcn TPR is high, bronchospasm with anesthesia SE: arrhythmias, angina Con: tachyarrhythmias, angina Pharm: half life: short elimination: via COMT and liver |
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Dobutamine
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C: Adrenergic Agonist
MOA: primarily β1 agonist I: acute management of decompensated CHF, low cardiac contractility, cardiogenic shock, excess β-blockade SE: arrhythmias, hypertension Con: subaortic stenosis Pharm: half life: 2-3 min elimination: COMT/MAO mediated |
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Albuterol
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C: Adrenergic Agonist
MOA: selective β2 agonist I: bronchospasm, chronic treatment of obstructive airway dz. SE: skeletal m. tremor, sinus tachycardia, drug tolerance Con: cardiovascular dz, hyperthyroidism Pharm: half life: 5 hr |
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Terbutaline
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C: Adrenergic Agonist
MOA: selective β2 agonist I: bronchospasm, chronic treatment of obstructive airway dz. SE: skeletal m. tremor, sinus tachycardia, drug tolerance Con: cardiovascular dz, hyperthyroidism Pharm: half life: 2.9 hr |
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Phenylephrine
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C: Adrenergic Agonist
MOA: selective α1 agonist I: hypotension during anesthesia, SV tachycardia, nasal decongestant, mydriatic agent for retinal exam SE: hypertension Con: severe hypertension, ventricular tachycardia Pharm: half life: <1 hr elimination: not a catecholamine so not inactivated by MAO or COMT |
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Clonidine
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C: Adrenergic Agonist
MOA: selective α2 agonist I: hypertension due to sympathetic activation, analgesia SE: dry mouth, sedation, hypertensive crisis (following acute withdrawl of drug) Pharm: half life: 12-16 hrs |
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Amphetamine
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C: Adrenergic Agonist
MOA: indirect acting sympathomimetic - releasing agent Note: antidote: NH4Cl to acidify urine I: ADHD, Narcolepsy, nasal decongestant SE: dependence, tachycardia, anxiety, anorexia Con: hypertension, severe athrosclerosis, history of drug abuse, concurrent MAO inhibitor (must wait 2 wk washout period) Pharm: half life: 10-13 hrs (long bc resistant to COMT and MAO degradation) |
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Methamphetamine
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C: Adrenergic Agonist
MOA: indirect acting sympathomimetic - releasing agent I: ADHD, Narcolepsy, nasal decongestant SE: dependence, tachycardia, anxiety, anorexia Con: hypertension, severe athrosclerosis, history of drug abuse, concurrent MAO inhibitor (must wait 2 wk washout period) Pharm: half life: 4-5 hrs (long bc resistant to COMT and MAO degradation) Note: antidote: NH4Cl to acidify urine |
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Methylphenidate
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C: Adrenergic Agonist
MOA: indirect acting sympathomimetic - releasing agent I: ADHD, Narcolepsy, nasal decongestant SE: dependence, tachycardia, anxiety, anorexia Con: hypertension, severe athrosclerosis, history of drug abuse, concurrent MAO inhibitor (must wait 2 wk washout period) Pharm: half life: 2-3 hrs (long bc resistant to COMT and MAO degradation) Note: antidote: NH4Cl to acidify urine |
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Ephedrine
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C: Adrenergic Agonist
MOA: indirect acting sympathomimetic - releasing agent I: orthostatic hypertension, narcolepsy, pressor agent with anesthesia, nasal decongestant SE: hypertension, arrhythmias, insomnia, anxiety Con: hypertension, severe athrosclerosis, history of drug abuse, concurrent MAO inhibitor (must wait 2 wk washout period) Pharm: half life: 3-6 hrs (long bc resistant to COMT and MAO degradation) |
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Pseudoephedrine
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C: Adrenergic Agonist
MOA: indirect acting sympathomimetic - releasing agent I: nasal decongestant SE: hypertension, arrhythmias, insomnia, anxiety Con: hypertension, severe athrosclerosis, history of drug abuse, concurrent MAO inhibitor (must wait 2 wk washout period) Pharm: half life: 4.3-8 hrs (long bc resistant to COMT and MAO degradation) |
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Propranolol
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: non-selective β-blocker I: hypertension, angina, glaucoma, early to moderate heart failure, arrhythmia, thyrotoxicosis, anxiety, migrane, pheochromocytoma SE: bronchospasm, mask symptoms of hypoglycemia, Con: Bronchiole asthma, sinus bradycardia, 2nd &3rd degree heart block, cardiogenic shock, severe heart failure Pharm: half life: 4 hrs; crosses BBB |
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Nadolol
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: non-selective β-blocker I: hypertension, long term angina SE: bronchospasm, mask symptoms of hypoglycemia Con: Bronchiole asthma, sinus bradycardia, 2nd &3rd degree heart block, cardiogenic shock, severe heart failure Pharm: half life: 20-24 hrs, doesn't cross BBB |
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Timolol
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: non-selective β-blocker I: Glaucoma SE: bronchospasm, mask symptoms of hypoglycemia, Con: Bronchiole asthma, sinus bradycardia, 2nd &3rd degree heart block, cardiogenic shock, severe heart failure Pharm: half life: 4 hrs |
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Metoprolol
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: cardio selective β1 blocker I: hypertension, angina, arrhythmia SE: dizziness, depression, insomnia, hypotension Con: sinus bradycardia, 2nd & 3rd degree heart block, cardiogenic shock, severe heart failure Pharm: half life: 3-7 hr; crosses BBB |
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Atenolol
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: cardio selective β1 blocker I: hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, MI SE: dizziness, insomnia, hypotension Con: sinus bradycardia, 2nd & 3rd degree heart block, cardiogenic shock, severe heart failure Pharm: half life: 6-7 hr; less BBB interaction |
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Esmolol
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: cardio selective β1 blocker I: hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, MI SE: dizziness, insomnia, hypotension Con: sinus bradycardia, 2nd & 3rd degree heart block, cardiogenic shock, severe heart failure Pharm: half life: ~9 min route: IV for arrhythmias elimination: esterases in RBCs |
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Pindolol
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: partial agonist β-blocker I: hypertension, angina SE: dizziness, depression, insomnia, hypotension Con: sinus bradycardia, 2nd & 3rd degree heart block, cardiogenic shock, severe heart failure Pharm: half life: 3-4 hr; use only if sympathetic activity is high |
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Phenoxybenzamine
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: non-selective α-blocker I: hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma, vasoconstrictor-induced extravasation (treat sympathomimetic amine overdose) SE: prolonged hypotension, reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion Con: coronary artery disease, peptic ulcer disease; elimination: conjugates to receptor |
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Phentolamine
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: non-selective α-blocker I: hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma, vasoconstrictor-induced extravasation (treat sympathomimetic amine overdose) SE: prolonged hypotension, reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion Con: coronary artery disease, peptic ulcer disease Pharm: half life: 19 min |
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Prazosin
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: selective α1 blocker I: hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) SE: orthostatic hypotension, syncope Pharm: half life: 2.3 hr - dose BID |
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Doxazosin
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: selective α1 blocker I: hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) SE: orthostatic hypotension, syncope Pharm: half life: 22 hr (one daily dose) |
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Terazosin
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C: Adrenergic Antagonists
MOA: selective α1 blocker I: hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) SE: orthostatic hypotension, syncope Pharm: half life: 12 hr (one daily dose) |
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Nicotine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Nicotinic agonist I: smoking cessation aid SE: tolerance and dependence; local irritation; bradycardia, neuromuscular blockade Pharm: half life: 1-2 hrs route: rapid absorption through skin, lungs, gut mucosa |
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Succinylcholine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Nicotinic Nm agonist I: tracheal intubation or electroconvlusive shock therapy (ECT) SE: malignant hyperthermia, hypotension, arrhythmias, respiratory collapse, ↑ intraocular pressure Con: familial history of hyperthermia; skeletal m. myopathies; acute burn victims/skeletal m. injury Pharm: elimination: rapidly hydrolyzed by plasma/liver plasma cholinesterases |
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Acetylcholine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Direct acting Muscarinic and Nicotinic Agonist I: None Pharm: half life: ~150 msec elimination: rapid hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase |
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Methacholine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Direct acting Muscarinic agonist I: diagnosis of subclinical asthma or test asthma severity SE: bronchoconstriction Con: Pt on β-blocker bc the antidote to overdose is a β-agonist Pharm: elimination: hydrolyzed by AchE |
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Carbachol
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Non-selective Cholinergic Agonist I: miotic agent in ocular surgery; reduction of pressure following ocular surgery; glaucoma SE: accomodation and loss of far vision; excessive muscarinic activation Pharm: resistant to hydrolysis by AchE |
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Bethanechol
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Direct acting Muscarinic agonist I: for post-op non-obstructive urinary retention; neurogenic bladder atony SE: bronchoconstriction; miosis Con: peptic ulcer, asthmatics, bradycardia Pharm: half life: ~1 hr; elimination: resistant to hydrolysis by AchE, urine |
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Muscarine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Direct acting Muscarinic agonist I: No therapeutic use (very potent) Pharm: half life: long (very potent); elimination: resistant to hydrolysis Note: poisoning treated with atropine, a muscarine receptor agonist |
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Pilocarpine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Direct acting Muscarinic Agonist I: dry mouth caused by radiation therapy of head/neck or Sjogren's syndrome; glaucoma (wide and narrow angle) SE: excess muscarinic activity -slow AV conduction; hypotension; excessive salivation; bronchoconstriction Con: given with care to pts on β-blockers Pharm: half life: ~1 hr; elimination: AchE |
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Physostigmine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: reversible cholinesterase inhibitor I: topical for glaucoma; stimulation of salivation; counteracts CNS effects of muscarinic antagonists SE: convulsions, respiratory and CV depression Con: asthma, CV disease, intestinal obstruction Pharm: crosses BBB |
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Neostigmine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: reversible cholinesterase inhibitor I: Myasthenia Gravis; reversal of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade (curare-type) SE: muscarinic and nicotinic excess Con: intestinal obstruction Pharm: poor BBB penetration |
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Edrophonium
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: reversible cholinesterase inhibitor I: diagnosis of Myasthemia Gravis, differential dx of too little or too much AchE inhibitor in treatment of MG SE: bradycardia, cardiac standstill Con: intestinal obstruction or urinary obstruction Pharm: half life: ~10 min; poor BBB penetration |
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Tacrine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: reversible cholinesterase inhibitor I: Alzheimer's dz SE: hepatotoxicity and elevated liver enzymes Con: liver disease |
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Galatamine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: reversible cholinesterase inhibitor I: Alzheimer's dz SE: nausea and vomiting |
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Rivastigmine
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor I: Alzheimer's dz SE: nausea and vomiting Pharm: half life: ~10 hrs; elimination: cholinesterases |
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Pralidoxime
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Peripheral acetylcholinesterase reactivator I: respiratory m. weakness in organophosphate poisoning Pharm: half life: ~75 mins |
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Echothiophate
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C: Cholinergic Agonist
MOA: Irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor I: long term miosis for open angle glaucoma |
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Scopolamine
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C: Cholinergic Antagonist
MOA: muscarinic antagonist competitive inhibitor I: nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness, post-op; mydriatic agent for ocular surgery; used with surgical anesthesia to reduce secretions SE: anti-muscarinic actions: dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, flushed, mydriasis, blurred vision, tachycardia, high BP, hallucinations, psychosis Con: glaucoma |
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Atropine
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C: Cholinergic agonist
MOA: muscarinic antagonist competitive inhibitor I: allay urgency and frequency of micturition with UTI; reduce hypermotility colon; Parkinson's; treatment for organophosphate poisoning; induce mydriasis; reverse bradycardia of vagal origin SE: anti-muscarinic actions: dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, flushed, mydriasis, blurred vision, tachycardia, high BP, hallucinations, psychosis Con: glaucoma |
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Glycopyrrolate
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C: Cholinergic Antagonist
MOA: muscarinic antagonist competitive inhibitor I: prevent overstimulation of the gut during reversal of neuromuscular blockade SE: anti-muscarinic actions: dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, flushed, mydriasis, blurred vision, tachycardia, high BP, hallucinations, psychosis Con: glaucoma |
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Pancuronium
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C: neuromuscular relaxant
MOA: Non-depolarizing Nicotinic-blocking; competitive antagonist I: adjuvant in surgical anesthesia, ie. abdominal wall relaxation and orthopedic procedures SE: histamine release, hypotension, tachycardia Antidote: antidote: non-depolarizing agents (neostigmine & glycopyrrolate) |
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D-tubocurarine
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C: neuromuscular relaxant
MOA: Non-depolarizing Nicotinic-blocking; competitive antagonist I: adjuvant in surgical anesthesia, ie. abdominal wall relaxation and orthopedic procedures SE: histamine release, hypotension, tachycardia Pharm: duration: >60min; elimination: liver clearance and renal elimination Antidote: antidote: non-depolarizing agents (neostigmine & glycopyrrolate) |
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Rocuronium
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C: neuromuscular relaxant
MOA: Non-depolarizing Nicotinic-blocking; competitive antagonist I: intubation, muscle relaxation during surgery or ventilation SE: histamine release, hypotension, tachycardia Pharm: half life: ~60 min duration: ~25 min |
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Mivacuronium
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C: neuromuscular relaxant
MOA: Non-depolarizing Nicotinic-blocking; competitive antagonist I: intubation, muscle relaxation during surgery or ventilation in pts with renal failure SE: histamine release, hypotension, tachycardia Pharm:half life: ~3-5 min duration: 15-20 min elimnation: plasma cholinesterase |
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Vecuronium
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C: neuromuscular relaxant
MOA: Non-depolarizing Nicotinic-blocking; competitive antagonist I: adjuvant in surgical anesthesia, ie. abdominal wall relaxation and orthopedic procedures SE: histamine release, hypotension, tachycardia Pharm: duration: ~30-45 min elimination: liver metabolism and clearance; renal elimination |
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Baclofen
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C: Neuromuscular Relaxant
MOA: GABAb agonist I: muscle spasticity associated with MS or spinal cord injury SE: sedation, drowsiness, weakness, mental disturbance Pharm: half life: 1.5 hrs route: PO or intrathecal catheter to reduce side effects |
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Diazepam
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C: Neuromuscular Relaxant
MOA: benzodiazepine GABAa mediated pre-synaptic inhibition I: flexor and extensor spasms, muscle spasticity associated with MS or spinal cord injury SE: sedation and drowsiness Con: acute narrow angle glaucoma or untreated open angle glaucoma |
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Tizanidine
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C: Neuromuscular Relaxant
MOA: central acting α2- adrenergic agonist I: MS and spinal spasticity SE: drowsiness and hypotension |
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Dantrolene
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C: Neuromuscular Relaxant
MOA: uncouples excitation-contraction of skeletal m. I: spasticity due to stroke, spinal cord injury, MS, or cerebral palsy; Malignant hyperthermia SE: muscle weakness, sedation, hepatitis |
