Drugs 2

Front 1

tree that produces cacao berries
100mg in 100g 50% cacao

Back 1

theobroma cacao / theobromine

Front 2

caffeine %

Back 2

0.5%; 25mg in 100g 50% cacao

Front 3

xanthine

Back 3

caffeine and theobromine are derived from it
alkaloid
effects: inc hr, bp, bronchial dilation, inc kidney output, alertness, inc metabolism

Front 4

flavonoid

Back 4

antioxidant, stops free radicals
aromatic substances
in cacao, but too bitter and often removed from chocolate

Front 5

anandamide

Back 5

cannabinoid nt, levels increase when cacao is eaten because enzymes inhibit anandamide breakdown

Front 6

theos, broma

Back 6

god, food

Front 7

caffeine dosage effects

Back 7

< 500mg- inc arousal
>500mg- anxiety, irritability, insomnia, tachycardia, arrhythmia
>10g- tachycardia, arrhythmia, heart attack, stroke, seizure, LD50

Front 8

adenosine

Back 8

counteracted by caffeine, antagonist

Front 9

leaves make tea, only buds and young leaves picked for best quality, grown in india, sri lanka, japan, africa, s.a.

Back 9

camellia sinensis

Front 10

history of tea

Back 10

• tea in China 3000 years ago, flourished in Buddhist temples, drinking hot water in the Orient, brought to Portugal from Japan in 1580, became popular in Europe in 1600s

Front 11

green tea

Back 11

leaves briefly heated after picking (Destroys enzymatic/microbial activity), rolled, roasted

Front 12

black tea

Back 12

leaves rolled, spread out in cool humid place to ferment/oxidize, roasted

Front 13

dutch east india co

Back 13

est. in 1602, granted exclusive rights for trade in asia by dutch govt, battled with england in 1600s and 1700s, dissolved in 1798

Front 14

british east india co

Back 14

est. in 1600, strong in india in early 1600s, in european tea market in 17s and 18s, grown in india, sold in europe/us, taxed by england

Front 15

boston tea party

Back 15

british eic accumulated unsold tea
1773: british govt gave permission to beic to sell in us w/o paying taxes.

Front 16

coffee bush, native to ne africa, family rubicaea

Back 16

coffea arabica

Front 17

coffee prep

Back 17

beans crushed, spread out, fermentation, some put in water to encourage ferm, dry beans roasted

Front 18

history of coffee

Back 18

first coffee houses in Persia, Egypt, Constantinople in 1400s
1600s- spread through Europe
1650- first coffee houses in Oxford
1652- first café in London
1662- 300 cafes in London
1700- 3000 cafes in London

Front 19

espresso

Back 19

alchemical essence of coffee, emulsion of oil droplets, foam/crema of gas bubbles

Front 20

inhaler because as an amphetamine, it opens airways

Back 20

benzedrine inhaler

Front 21

plants containing caffeine

Back 21

yerba mate, guarana, tea, cacao, coffee

Front 22

amphetamines, routes of entry

Back 22

oral dig, insufflation, injection, smoking

Front 23

amphetamine in brain

Back 23

leakage of dopamine and norepinephrine from reuptake transporters

Front 24

main nuclei that release norepinephrine

Back 24

locus coeruleus

Front 25

main nuclei that release dopamine

Back 25

substantia negra, ventral tegmentum

Front 26

amphetamine effects

Back 26

curb appetite, wakefulness, focused attention, increased stamina, euphoria

Front 27

amphetamine problematic effects

Back 27

anxiety, irritability, aggression, impaired judgment, stimulant psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, addiction; cardiovascular damage, heart attack, stroke, seizure, chronic psychosis, neurotoxicity

Front 28

amphetamine withdrawal

Back 28

anxiety, depression, psychosis, increased appetite, fatigue

Front 29

methamphetamine effects

Back 29

increases alertness, concentration, energy, and in high doses, may induce euphoria, enhance self-esteem, increases libido

Front 30

ephedrine

Back 30

sympathomimetic, like amphetamines, alkaloid

Front 31

pseudoephedrine

Back 31

nasal decongestant, sympathomimetic

Front 32

plant that derives meth/amphetamine, pseudo/ephedrine

Back 32

ephedra

Front 33

chinese name for ephedra plant

Back 33

ma huang

Front 34

methylphenidate, defn and brain effects

Back 34

ritalin, adhd med, inc levels of dopamine and norepinephrine

Front 35

modafinil

Back 35

inc release of monoamine nts and influences other nt systems -> stim CNS, effects on norepinephrine and dopamine so amphetamine-like

Front 36

plant producing cathinone

Back 36

catha edulis

Front 37

cathinone

Back 37

schedule 1 drug

Front 38

plant producing cocaine, found in s.a.

Back 38

erythroxylum coca

Front 39

faster cocaine absorption

Back 39

mixed with limestone to make acidic mouth release h from cocaine making it more hydrophobic to cross bbb

Front 40

discoverer of cocaine, date

Back 40

albert niemann, 1859

Front 41

cocaine effects

Back 41

blocks presynaptic reuptake transporters for norepinephrine and dopamine (just like amphetamine), and increases the activity at synapses

Front 42

coca wine

Back 42

vin mariani

Front 43

crack cocaine

Back 43

freebase form of cocaine, omission of filtration step

Front 44

crack cocaine sentencing

Back 44

100:1 cocaine:crack weight needed to trigger pentalties. changed to 18:1 with fair sentencing act of 2010

Front 45

legal use of cocaine

Back 45

local anesthetic

Front 46

cocaine routes of admin

Back 46

insufflation, injection, smoking

Front 47

opium poppy plant, native to s. europe, medit, n. africa, mid east

Back 47

papaver somniferum

Front 48

opium harvesting

Back 48

gummy substance in unripe seed pods of poppy

Front 49

opium effects

Back 49

respiration depression (can kill)
numbing of pain, dec anxiety, dream-like state, sedation, euphoria, cough suppression, pupil constriction, dec intestinal motility

Front 50

opium routes of admin

Back 50

injection, smoking

Front 51

opium wars

Back 51

china wanted to stop british to smuggling opium into china, british wanted access to all chinese ports, early 1800s, beic responsible for developing opium industry in india

Front 52

treaty of nanking, 1842

Back 52

abolished canton system, hong kong -> british

Front 53

friedrich wilhelm serturner

Back 53

isolated psychoactive component of opium (1803)- codeine 1%, morphine: 10%

Front 54

morpheus

Back 54

god of dreams

Front 55

semisynth opioids

Back 55

modifications on opiods, heroin (crosses bbb more easily), hydrocodone, percoset, vicoden
thebaine is starting point

Front 56

synthetic opioids

Back 56

more potent, meperidine, methadone

Front 57

heroin

Back 57

diacetylmorphine; simple chemical modification of morphine, crosses BBB more easily, results in more potent analgesic and other psychoactive properties, is deacetylated in brain

Front 58

potency

Back 58

carfentanil 10,000x
etorphine 1000x
fentanyl 100x

Front 59

opioids route of admin

Back 59

only oral-digestive historically. now oral, injection, smoking, insufflation

Front 60

oxycodone

Back 60

semisynth opioid for relief of pain

Front 61

naloxone

Back 61

opioid antagonist
poor oral absorption, relatively short acting, used to treat opioid overdose

Front 62

naltrexone

Back 62

opioid antagonist
good oral absorption, long acting, treatment of opioid dependence, treatment of alcoholism

Front 63

opioid withdrawal

Back 63

flu-like symptoms, craving, anxiety, disrupted sleep, NOT DEATH

Front 64

substitution therapy drug, opioid agonist

Back 64

methadone

Front 65

opioid receptors

Back 65

found using radioactive-labeled naloxone as probe of specific binding; regional distribution of opioid receptors in the brain and elsewhere is in line with known effects of opioids; all known opioid receptors are GPCRs, all involved in analgesia

Front 66

endorphins

Back 66

endogenous opioid peptides, enkephalins= in the head

Front 67

psychedelic

Back 67

mind revealing
psyche- soul
deloun- reveal

Front 68

hallucinogen

Back 68

producing hallucinations
hallucinari: wander in mind
genesis: creation

Front 69

psychotomimetic

Back 69

mimics psychosis (delerium, delusions)

Front 70

generating god within

Back 70

entheogen

Front 71

lsd brain effects

Back 71

interferes with seratonin signaling by acting as agonist at 5HT2 receptors

Front 72

lsd synthesis

Back 72

from ergotamine released from ergot fungus that grows on rye

Front 73

discovered lsd when looking for effects on headaches; worked for sandoz

Back 73

albert hofmann, 1943

Front 74

first name for lsd

Back 74

delysid

Front 75

founder of aa, supporter of lsd to treat alcoholism

Back 75

bill wilson

Front 76

cia research of lsd

Back 76

"project mk ultra," use as chemical weapon

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aldous huxley

Back 77

took a lot of lsd- search for enlightenment

Front 78

timothy leary

Back 78

harvard group, berkeley alumnus who tried out psilocybe mushrooms. most dangerous man in america.

Front 79

richard alpert

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harvard group

Front 80

ken kesey

Back 80

one flew over the cuckoo's nest, took lsd in studies

Front 81

tom wolfe

Back 81

wrote aout kesey's lsd trips in the electric kool-aid acid test

Front 82

owsley

Back 82

first private individual to make mass quantities of lsd

Front 83

lsd timeline

Back 83

• 1938: synthesized by Albert Hofmann
• 1943: psychoactive properties discovered
• 1950: govt explore use as chemical weapon (Project MK Ultra)
• 1950s-60s: research in treatment of addiction and psychosis
• early 1960s: Harvard Group
• mid 1960s: adverse effects exaggerated by media
• late 1960s: laws against LSD in some states
• 1968: possession of LSD banned
• 1970: schedule 1
• 1970: clinical research halts
• 1971: schedule 1 internationally

Front 84

lsd brain effects

Back 84

interact with serotonin receptors
agonist at 5HT2A receptors
enhance firing of norepinephrine neurons in locus coeruleus in response to sensory stimuli

Front 85

species of magic mushroom that produces psilocybin and psilocin

Back 85

psilocybe cubensis

Front 86

psilocybin

Back 86

more stable in mushroom
metabolized to psilocin

Front 87

psilocin

Back 87

prone to oxidation

Front 88

time article about magic mushrooms

Back 88

gordon wasson

Front 89

psilocybe mushrooms founder from mexico

Back 89

maria sabina

Front 90

peyote longer name

Back 90

lophophora williamsii

Front 91

mescaline

Back 91

found in cacti like peyote, oral and digestive absorption, phenethylamine psychadelic

Front 92

native american church

Back 92

practices peyotism

Front 93

state of oregon vs al smith

Back 93

al smith was native american who would tell patients to take mescaline

Front 94

dmt

Back 94

not taken alone, degraded by MAO in liver, so must be taken with MAO inhibitor like ayahuasca vine

Front 95

ayahuasca

Back 95

taken with dmt to degrade MAO