Drugmechlong

Front 1

Drug

Back 1

Mech

Front 2

Amantadine

Back 2

blocks viral uncoating of influenza A via inhibition of the integral membrane ion channel M2; preventing release of ribonucleoproteins from the virion interior

Front 3

Rimantadine

Back 3

inhibits M2 ion channel, blocks viral uncoating, prevents virus contents from entering cell nucleus

Front 4

Acyclovir

Back 4

Nucleoside analog; Converted to monophosphate then triphosphate (not a prodrug though) by a viral thymidine kinase, inhibiting DNA synthesis and viral replication

Front 5

Valacyclovir

Back 5

prodrug of acyclovir

Front 6

Famciclovir

Back 6

Prodrug of Penciclovir

Front 7

Oseltamivir

Back 7

Neuraminidase Inhibitors (NO cleavage of sialic acid/hemagglutinin); virus stuck to cell, not released

Front 8

Zanamivir

Back 8

Neuraminidase Inhibitors (NO cleavage of sialic acid/hemagglutinin); virus stuck to cell, not released

Front 9

Ribavirin

Back 9

Fraudulent guanosine nucleotide, interferes with DNA replication or RNA synthesis

Front 10

Enfuvirtide

Back 10

binds to first heptad-repeat (HR1) in gp41, inhibits gp41 conformational change; prevents membrane fusion

Front 11

Zidovudine

Back 11

thymidine analog for HIV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase; phosphorylate to active form

Front 12

Abacavir

Back 12

guanosine analog

Front 13

Lamivudine

Back 13

cytosine nucleoside analog

Front 14

Adefovir

Back 14

adenosine analog

Front 15

Telbivudine

Back 15

thymidine analog

Front 16

Didanosine

Back 16

Nucleoside/tide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Front 17

Stavudine

Back 17

Nucleoside/tide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Front 18

Emtricitabine

Back 18

Nucleoside/tide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Front 19

Entecavir

Back 19

Nucleoside/tide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Front 20

Tenofovir

Back 20

prodrug, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Front 21

Efavirenz

Back 21

NNRTI, works like NTRI except does NOT need to be phosphorylated

Front 22

Nevirapine

Back 22

NNRTI

Front 23

Delavirdine

Back 23

NNRTI

Front 24

Atazanavir

Back 24

inhibits viral proteases, limits cleavage of HIV proteins gag and pol, decreased proteins for transformation to mature infectious form

Front 25

Fosamprenavir

Back 25

Prodrug, protease Inhibitors

Front 26

Indinavir

Back 26

Protease Inhibitors

Front 27

Ritonavir

Back 27

Protease Inhibitors

Front 28

Saquinavir

Back 28

Protease Inhibitors

Front 29

Tipranavir

Back 29

Protease Inhibitors

Front 30

Raltegravir

Back 30

Inhibits integrase, prevents viral DNA from integrating into human DNA

Front 31

Maraviroc

Back 31

Binds to chemokine coreceptor CCR5 on human CD4, inhibits interaction of CCR5 and gp120 of virus

Front 32

Interferon

Back 32

binds to cognate RTKs→ Jak/STAT signaling pathway to eventually induce transcription of genes involved in viral defense (inhibitors of viral protein synthesis)

Front 33

Ivermectin

Back 33

opens glutamate sensitive chloride channels, muscle paralysis

Front 34

Albendazole

Back 34

degeneration of cytoplasmic microtubules, glucose depletion, death of worm

Front 35

Mebendazole

Back 35

degeneration of cytoplasmic microtubules, glucose depletion, death of worm

Front 36

Thiabendazole

Back 36

degeneration of cytoplasmic microtubules, glucose depletion, death of worm

Front 37

Triciabendazole

Back 37

degeneration of cytoplasmic microtubules, glucose depletion, death of worm

Front 38

Praziquantel

Back 38

Increased Ca2+ permeability, contractile paralysis, detachment of suckers

Front 39

Oxamniquine

Back 39

tetrahydroquinolone derivative

Front 40

Nitazoxanide

Back 40

nitrosthiazolyl-salicylamide derivative

Front 41

Amantadine

Back 41

inhibits M2 ion channel, blocks viral uncoating, prevents virus contents from entering cell nucleus

Front 42

Rimantadine

Back 42

inhibits M2 ion channel, blocks viral uncoating, prevents virus contents from entering cell nucleus

Front 43

Acyclovir

Back 43

Nucleoside analog, inhibiting DNA synthesis and viral replication

Front 44

Valacyclovir

Back 44

prodrug of acyclovir

Front 45

Famciclovir

Back 45

Prodrug of Penciclovir

Front 46

Oseltamivir

Back 46

Neuraminidase Inhibitors (NO cleavage of sialic acid/hemagglutinin); virus stuck to cell, not released

Front 47

Zanamivir

Back 47

Neuraminidase Inhibitors (NO cleavage of sialic acid/hemagglutinin); virus stuck to cell, not released

Front 48

Ribavirin

Back 48

Fraudulent guanosine nucleotide, interferes with DNA replication or RNA synthesis

Front 49

Enfuvirtide

Back 49

binds to first heptad-repeat (HR1) in gp41, inhibits gp41 conformational change; prevents membrane fusion

Front 50

Zidovudine

Back 50

has triple nitrogen group that, when incorporated into RT as a thymidine nucleoSide analog, blocks addition of another base, freezing transcription and causing chain termination→ inhibits viral replication. Requires riple phosphorylation by thymidine kinase, which is only active during S phase--> only works on rapid-cycling cells

Front 51

Zidovudine

Back 51

thymidine analog for HIV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase; phosphorylate to active form

Front 52

Abacavir

Back 52

guanosine analog

Front 53

Lamivudine

Back 53

cytosine nucleoside analog

Front 54

Adefovir

Back 54

adenosine analog

Front 55

Telbivudine

Back 55

thymidine analog

Front 56

Didanosine

Back 56

Nucleoside/tide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Front 57

Stavudine

Back 57

Nucleoside/tide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Front 58

Emtricitabine

Back 58

Nucleoside/tide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Front 59

Entecavir

Back 59

Nucleoside/tide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Front 60

Tenofovir

Back 60

prodrug, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor

nucleoTide, so doesn't require phosphorylation

Front 61

Efavirenz

Back 61

NNRTI, works like NTRI except does NOT need to be phosphorylated

does NOT require phosphorylation; binds to allosteric site on RT, shutting it down

Front 62

Nevirapine

Back 62

NNRTI

does NOT require phosphorylation; binds to allosteric site on RT, shutting it down

Front 63

Delavirdine

Back 63

NNRTI

does NOT require phosphorylation; binds to allosteric site on RT, shutting it down

Front 64

Atazanavir

Back 64

inhibits viral proteases, limits cleavage of HIV proteins gag and pol, decreased proteins for transformation to mature infectious form

Front 65

Fosamprenavir

Back 65

Prodrug, protease Inhibitors

Front 66

Indinavir

Back 66

Protease Inhibitors

Front 67

Ritonavir

Back 67

Protease Inhibitors

Front 68

Saquinavir

Back 68

Protease Inhibitors

Front 69

Tipranavir

Back 69

Protease Inhibitors

Front 70

Raltegravir

Back 70

Inhibits integrase, which is responsible for 3' processing (cleavage of viral cDNA), carrying the cDNA to the nucleus, and ligating the ends to the host chromosome; upstream of protease inhibitors, downstream of RT

Front 71

Maraviroc

Back 71

selectively & reversibly binds CCR5 on CD4+ cells→ inhibits intxn b/w CCR5 and gp120 on virus, inhibiting virus's conformational changes required for HIV-1 fusion with CD4 cells

Front 72

Interferon

Back 72

binds to its receptor, activates transcription for genes involved in viral defense

Front 73

Ivermectin

Back 73

opens glutamate sensitive chloride channels, muscle paralysis

Front 74

Albendazole

Back 74

degeneration of cytoplasmic microtubules, glucose depletion, death of worm

Front 75

Mebendazole

Back 75

degeneration of cytoplasmic microtubules, glucose depletion, death of worm

Front 76

Thiabendazole

Back 76

degeneration of cytoplasmic microtubules, glucose depletion, death of worm

Front 77

Triciabendazole

Back 77

degeneration of cytoplasmic microtubules, glucose depletion, death of worm

Front 78

Praziquantel

Back 78

Increased Ca2+ permeability, contractile paralysis, detachment of suckers

Front 79

Oxamniquine

Back 79

tetrahydroquinolone derivative

Front 80

Nitazoxanide

Back 80

nitrosthiazolyl-salicylamide derivative

Front 81

β lactams

Back 81

Binds to transpeptidase, blocking final cross-linking step in peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis. Also messes up osmotic regulation, leading to cell lysis

Front 82

β-lactamase inhibitors

Back 82

irreversible inhibitors of β-lactamase

Front 83

Glycopeptides

Back 83

Inhibits polymerization of glycan monomers (upstream of β-lactam activity), also impairs RNA synthesis and increases permeability of cytoplasmic membrane

Front 84

Polypeptides

Back 84

inhibits transfer of peptidoglycan monomers to site of cell wall synthesis

Front 85

Fluroquinolones (FQNs)

Back 85

Blocks DNA gyrases (topoisomerases II and IV which live in bacteria) to introduce strand breaks, inhibiting DNA synthesis and transcirption

Front 86

Sulfonamides

Back 86

Depletes nucleotides via competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase, thereby blocking folic acid production and thus inhibiting DNA synthesis

Front 87

Trimethoprim

Back 87

inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, thereby blocking folic acid production and DNA synthesis

Front 88

Aminoglycosides

Back 88

Irreversible binding to 30S to inhibit protein synthesis and create wacky proteins too (dominant negative effect); Blocks initiation, elicits premature termination, and incorporates incorrect amino acids

Front 89

Macrolides

Back 89

Reversible binding to 50S inhibits translocation from A to P, inhibiting protein synthesis

Front 90

Tetracyclines

Back 90

Reversible binding to 30S blocking access to A site, inhibiting protein synthesis

Front 91

Chloramphenicol

Back 91

Reversibly binds to 50S, preventing access to A site

Front 92

Tetracyclines

Back 92

Reversible binding to 30S blocking access to A site, inhibiting protein synthesis

Front 93

Streptogramins

Back 93

Bind to 50S

Front 94

Lincosamides - Clindamycin

Back 94

Reversibly binds 50S preventing peptide bond formation and inhibiting protein synthesis

Front 95

Oxazolidinones - Linezolid

Back 95

Binds to P site of 50S, inihbiting initiation of protein synthesis

Front 96

Metronidazole

Back 96

Prodrug; forms highly reactive nitro radical anion that damages DNA

Front 97

Chloroquine (Aralen)

Back 97

raises pH in parasite vesicles, inhibiting parasite growth

Front 98

Mefloquine

Back 98

interferes with ability of schizont to use hemoglobin

Front 99

Quinine (Qualaquin)

Back 99

Depresses oxygen uptake and carb metabolism; Intercalates in DNA but not a fraudulent nucleotide

Front 100

Atovaquone

Back 100

inhibits mito electron transport, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis

Front 101

Proguanil

Back 101

prodrug that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, which inhibits nucleotide synthesis

Front 102

Primaquine

Back 102

Disrupts mitochondria and binds to DNA

Front 103

Artemether

Back 103

Inhibit SR and ER Ca2+ ATPase; depletion of Ca2+

Front 104

Dapsone

Back 104

Competitive antagonist of PABA (paraaminobenzoic acid) => inhibition of folic acid synthesis

Front 105

Epinephrine

Back 105

Exhibits agonist activity at ALL adrenergic receptors = +inotropic and +chronotropic effects; splanchnic vasoconstriction and skeletal muscle vasodilation; relaxation of GI, uterine and bronchial smooth muscle; elevation in serum glucose, lactate and FFA

Front 106

Anti-histamines

Back 106

binds to histamine receptor and blocks their activation; H1 receptor inverse agonist

bronchodilation, vaso/venoconstriction; dilation of endothelial cells; desensitization of afferent nerve terminals; ↓ in HR and contractility; ↓ gastric acid; sleepiness

Front 107

Cyclosporine

Back 107

Inhibits transcription of Il-2 => inhibition of T cell activation; blocks interaction btw cyclophilin (or FKBP) and calcineurin

Front 108

Sirolimus

Back 108

Blocks interaction btw FKBP-12 and mTOR (kinase), mTOR cannot phosphorylate Cdk2

Front 109

Mycophenolate Mofetil

Back 109

MPA (mycophenolic acid) inhibits IMPDH (inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase) => inhibition of de novo guanosine nucleotide synthesis => inhibition of T/B cell proliferation

Front 110

Muromonab-CD3

Back 110

binds to CD3 receptor on thymocytes and T cells => disrupts TCR mediated signalling

Front 111

Anti-thymocyte globin

Back 111

Cytotoxic Ab directed at CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11a, CD18, CD25, CD44, CD45, HLA class I and class II => inhibition of lymphocyte function and direct cytotoxicity of lymphocytes

Front 112

Amphotericin B

Back 112

"pore-formation; binds to ergosterol to alter permeability and leak cell components; May also cause oxidation-dependent stimulation of macrophages
"

Front 113

Nystatin

Back 113

"pore-formation; binds to ergosterol to alter permeability and leak cell components; May also cause oxidation-dependent stimulation of macrophages
"

Front 114

Flucytosine

Back 114

prodrug; fraudulent nucleotide; inhibits thymidylate synthase, which interferes with RNA and protein synthesis

Front 115

Fluconazole (Diflucan)

Back 115

Blocks 14a-demethylase; inhibition of lanosterol to ergosterol

Front 116

Miconazole

Back 116

Blocks 14a-demethylase; inhibition of lanosterol to ergosterol

Front 117

Clotrimazole

Back 117

Blocks 14a-demethylase; inhibition of lanosterol to ergosterol

Front 118

Caspofungin

Back 118

Inhibits B-glucan synthase that disrupts cell wall synthesis and integrity

Front 119

Terbinafine

Back 119

inhibits squalene epoxidase, which accumulates toxic amounts of squalene and decreased sterol production resulting in membrane transport dysfunction

Front 120

Griseofulvin

Back 120

Blocks microtubule polymerization, disrupting mitotic spindle formation and mitosis

Front 121

Rifampin

Back 121

Inhibits b subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase, suppressing RNA transcription

Front 122

Isoniazid/INH

Back 122

Prodrug; inhibits enoyl-ACP reductase of fatty acid synthase → inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis → dysfunctional MB cell walls

Front 123

Pyrazinamide

Back 123

Prodrug; lowers ambient pH, inhibiting growth of bacteria

Front 124

Ethambutol

Back 124

Unclear; may inhibit arabinosyl transferase→ inhibition of arabinogalactan, a component of the MB cell wall

Front 125

Aspirin

Back 125

Irreversible inhibitor of COX, covalently modifies COX-1 and COX-2; Low dose aspirin inhibits thromboxane production, but does not affect prostacyclin production = ANTICOAGULANT

Front 126

Celecoxib

Back 126

Selective COX-2 inhibitor; Inhibit prostacyclin production, but not thromboxane production = PROCOAGULANT

Front 127

Rofecoxib

Back 127

Selective COX-2 inhibitor; Inhibit prostacyclin production, but not thromboxane production = PROCOAGULANT

Front 128

Ibuprofen

Back 128

Non-selective COX inhibitor; Reversible inhibits platelet function and increases bleeding time

Front 129

Ketoprofen

Back 129

Non-selective COX inhibitor

Front 130

Naproxen

Back 130

Non-selective COX inhibitor

Front 131

Flurbiprofen

Back 131

Non-selective COX inhibitor

Front 132

Oxaprozin

Back 132

Non-selective COX inhibitor

Front 133

Acetaminophen

Back 133

Non-selective COX inhibitor

Front 134

NSAID (general)

Back 134

inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme, inhibits conversion of aa to prostaglandins and thromboxanes

Front 135

Penicillin G

Back 135

Binds to transpeptidase, blocking final cross-linking step in peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis. Also messes up osmotic regulation, leading to cell lysis

Front 136

Penicillin V

Back 136

Binds to transpeptidase, blocking final cross-linking step in peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis. Also messes up osmotic regulation, leading to cell lysis

Front 137

Nafcillin

Back 137

Binds to transpeptidase, blocking final cross-linking step in peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis. Also messes up osmotic regulation, leading to cell lysis

Front 138

Oxacillin

Back 138

Binds to transpeptidase, blocking final cross-linking step in peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis. Also messes up osmotic regulation, leading to cell lysis

Front 139

Dicloxacillin

Back 139

Binds to transpeptidase, blocking final cross-linking step in peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis. Also messes up osmotic regulation, leading to cell lysis

Front 140

Ampicillin

Back 140

Binds to transpeptidase, blocking final cross-linking step in peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis. Also messes up osmotic regulation, leading to cell lysis

Front 141

Clavulanic acid

Back 141

irreversible inhibitors of β-lactamase

Front 142

Sulbactam

Back 142

irreversible inhibitors of β-lactamase

Front 143

Vancomycin

Back 143

Inhibits polymerization of glycan monomers (upstream of β-lactam activity), also impairs RNA synthesis and increases permeability of cytoplasmic membrane

Front 144

Bacitracin

Back 144

inhibits transfer of peptidoglycan monomers to site of cell wall synthesis

Front 145

Quinupristin

Back 145

Bind to 50S

Front 146

Dalfopristin

Back 146

Bind to 50S

Front 147

Clindamycin

Back 147

Reversibly binds 50S preventing peptide bond formation and inhibiting protein synthesi

Front 148

Linezolid

Back 148

Binds to P site of 50S, inihbiting initiation of protein synthesis

Front 149

Pyrimethamine

Back 149

DHFR inhibitor

Front 150

Tacrolimus

Back 150

Binds to FKBP-12, complex of which then inhibits calcineurin and NFAT and IL-2 transcription

Front 151

Everolimus

Back 151

= Sirolimus

binds to FKBP-12→ complex binds to and inhibits mTOR from phosphorylating and activating Cdk2 (which allows cell cycle to advance)→ inhibits G1-S phase progression

Front 152

Methotrexate

Back 152

competitive inhibitor of DHFR, which is nec. for synthesis of folates, pyrimidines, nucleotides and cellular division

Front 153

Ivermectin Use:

Back 153

Onchocerca volvulus, Strongyloidiasis

Front 154

Albendazole, Mebendazole, Thiabendazole Triclabendazole Uses:

Back 154

Broad → neurocysticercosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Asceris, hookworms

Front 155

Praziquantel Use

Back 155

most flatworms (cestodes and trematodes) inc. schistosomiasis

Front 156

Diethylcarbamazepine Use

Back 156

treats lymphatic filariasis

Front 157

Ozamniquine use

Back 157

alternative treatment for Schistosoma mansoni

Front 158

Pyrantel Use

Back 158

active against ascariasis, enterobiases, trichostrongylus, and hookworms

Front 159

Nitrazoxanide Use

Back 159

cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in kids; also activity against Ascaris

Front 160

Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus Use

Back 160

Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, prophylaxis of acute GVHD (cyclosporine) or tx of chronic GVHD

Front 161

Sirolimus and Everolimus Use

Back 161

prophylaxis of organ rejection in renal transplants

Front 162

Mycophenolate Mofetil Use

Back 162

prophylaxis of organ rejection in renal, cardiac, or hepatic transplants; tx of chronic GVHD

Front 163

Methotrexate Use

Back 163

prevention of acute GVHD, esp. after HSCT

Front 164

Muromonab-CD3 Use

Back 164

prevention of transplant rejection

Front 165

List all 5 MRSA agents:

Back 165

1) 5th generation Cephalosporins (Ceftobiprole, Ceftaroline)
2) Vancomycin
3) Sulfonamides
4) Streptogramins (Quinupristin, Dalfopristin)
5) Linezolid

Front 166

List all Pseudomonas agents

Back 166

1) 3rd and 4th generations Penicillins (Ticarcillin, Pipercillin)
2) Aztreonam
3) Carbapenems
4) 3rd-5th Cephalosporins
5) FQNs
6) Aminoglycosides
7) Tetracyclines