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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychoactive Drug |
A chemical substance that alters our feelings, thoughts, perceptions and behavior; they affect the brain. |
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What determines if we call a substance a "drug"? |
It depends on the intended use of the substance, and is an arbitrary process (not systematically determined). |
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Prehistoric People |
Drugs were accidentally found through trial and error by consumption. Shamans were thought to have knowledge on effects. In Ancient Egypt (1500BC), Priests had the Ebers Papyrus to refer to for over 800 concoctions. |
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The Middle Ages |
Vikings ate a red-capped mushroom with white spots called Amanita Muscaria. Witches made brews with active hallucinogenic drugs such as: Mandrake, Henbane, Belladonna. |
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The 1800s |
First hypodermic syringe; cocaine extracted from leaves and used as antidepressants (poor); morphine discovered as active ingredient opium. Medical doctors became concerned with psychoactive drugs in "patent medicines." |
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Opium Use in the 1800s |
Opium was cheap, available, and legal. Laudanum was a liquid form used from infants to elderly. Thought of as bad if smoked (b/c Chinese smoked). By 1875, the US had made it illegal to smoke. |
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Cocaine Use in the 1800s |
Widely used throughout America in the 1800s. Coca Cola contained it until 1903. In the mid-1880s, anyone could order cocaine in a variety of forms (smoke, inject, etc). Sigmund Freud's drug of choice. |
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Heroine Use in the 1800s |
Heroine was released in a pill form in 1898. |
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Alcohol and Prohibition |
Temperance movement lead by women who were victims of abuse from drunken husbands. This lead to Prohibition from 1920-1923. Death from alcohol related incidents decreased, however, violent crime increased. |
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WWII |
Technology increased and Antibiotics were created. |
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The 1950s |
The first anti-psychotic drugs were introduced (Thorazine). Most people did not think of alcohol and nicotine as drugs, therefore they were the most abused (even still today). Over 50% of the population over 12 smoked. Use of illicit drugs was associated with criminals, the urban impoverished, and non-whites. |
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The 1960s |
It was a time of upheaval of values and ideas. JFK, MLK Jr., and Robert Kennedy were killed. It was the era of the baby boomers (all babies born from 1946-1964). The Cold War was a nuclear stand off between USSR and USA. The Vietnam War was to fight communism. All this lead to young people questioning the premises of society, and experimentation with drug use. |
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The 1970s |
Neuro-science was created and used to see how drugs affected the nervous system. It was the Hippie Era. However, they became assimilated into normal society and left their mark. |
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The 1980s |
2/3 of High School Seniors had used some illicit drug in their life. Hippies became Yuppies for cash. Powdered cocaine was drug of the decade. It was very expensive and thought of as a status symbol. In 1985, Crack Cocaine was created and it removed any doubt that cocaine was a dangerous drug. Crack was cheap, easy to make, & social and violence problems came with it. |
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U of MI Study |
A nationally representative sample of people (8th grade to 45 y/o). Across 9 different drugs: levels of binge drinking and smoking is highest among Whites; use of inhalants, injectable heroine, cocaine and crack is highest among Hispanics. Between ages 20-30, drug use progressively decreases. |
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U of MI Study High School Seniors (HSS) |
In 1979=54% & 2008=37% of HSS had used an illicit drug in the past year (in 2008=22% used illicit in last month). In 1980=72% & 2008=43% had alcohol drink in last month. In 1980=41% binge drank in last month & 2008=28% binge drank in last 2 weeks. Nicotine remains the most frequently used drug on a daily basis by HSS. |
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U of MI Study College Students (CS) |
Across many categories of illicit drugs, CS used less than HSS except for alcohol, cocaine and non-LSD hallucinogens. In 2007, 67% of CS had an alcoholic drink in last month; 41% had binge drank in last 2 weeks; 11% had regular smoking habit. |
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Risk Factors make it more likely for young people to do drugs. |
Characteristics/behaviors of young people that reflect a trend of non-conformity to the accepted path of success in our society (i.e., deviant subculture, poor school attendance, poor relationships with parents, NOT economic hardship). |
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Protective Factors make it less likely for young people to do drugs. |
People with 6 or more PF: 56% were drug free in 3 years. People with 3 or fewer PF: 20% were drug free in 3 years. Examples of PF: positive home environment, parental edu. high school or greater, involvement and support of guardian(s). |
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Club Drugs |
MDMA (ecstasy), LSD, Meth, Ketamine (Special K), Rohypnol (Ruffies) |
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Dietary Supplements |
Gingko Balboa, St. Johns Wart, Thescane, and Ephedra. Ephedra use killed a 21y/o in 1996. It was one of the thousands of dietary supplements on the market in 2001 & accounted for 64% of adverse reactions. In 2003, Illinois made it illegal. In 2004, every state made it illegal. In 2005, the ban was struck and made it legal again. |
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VA Medical Center (1970s) |
The drug itself is not bad, the drug taking behavior is bad. It was a male alcoholic ward. Patients began drinking 7 gallons of water a day to get "high." It's just water, but anything can kill you if you take enough of it. |
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Toxicity |
Harmful or fatal if enough is taken. Acute toxicity is short term. Chronic toxicity is long term. Effective dose (ED) and Lethal dose (LD) are used in the Therapeutic Index (LD50/ED50) and the Margin of Safety (LD1/ED99). Example: If LD50=450mg and ED50=50mg, then the Therapeutic Index tells us that (450/50=9), therefore it takes 9 times the effective dose for 50% of the population to kill 50% of the pop. |
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DAWN Report (Drug Abuse Warning Network) [info only from metropolitan areas] |
In 2004: 30% of all ER visits were due to an adverse reaction to the correct dosage of drug; 12% were due to unintended over-medication; 4/10 ER visits were for OTC drugs; less than 10% were due to accidentally taking wrong drugs, suicide attempt, or being poisoned; 35% were due to alcohol in combination, illicit drugs in combination, or recreational use of OTC drugs. In 2006, 26% of all ER visits were due to alcohol in combination. |
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DAWN Report (1 cont.) |
Most common illicit drugs that cause ER visits: 1. Cocaine 2. Marijuana (in combination) 3. Heroine/Opiates 4. Stimulants/Meth 5. Hallucinogens (LSD: M vs W, Ratio is 10:1) Ratio of Men vs Women ER visits: 2 to 1 -due to men using drugs to cope |
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DAWN Report (2 cont.) [Meth is a rural drug & therefore, under represented in this study] |
Drug related deaths: 1. Heroine/Opiates 2. Cocaine 3. Alcohol in combination 4&5. Meds for Anxiety & Depression It is far more likely for death to be related to more than one drug in combination, than for death to be cause by just one. |
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DAWN Report (3 cont.) |
1994 Drug Deaths from Chronic Use: 1.Nicotine/Tobacco Products (444,000) 2. Alcohol (125,000) 3. Cocaine (8,000) 4. Heroine/Opiates (6,500)
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