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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drugs are obtained from six major sources
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Plant source
Animal source Mineral/Earth source Microbiological source Semi synthetic source Recombinant DNA technology |
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Plant source
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Plant source is the oldest source of drugs
Most of the drugs in ancient times were derived from plants Almost all parts of the plant are used i.e leaves, stem, bark, fruits and root |
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Plant source:Leaves
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The leaves of the Digitalis, Purpurea are the,source of Digitoxin and Digoxin, which are cardiac glycosides.
Leaves of Eucalyptus, give oil of Eucalyptus, which is important component in cough syrup. Tobacco leaves give nicotine. Atropa, belladonna gives atropine. |
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Plant source:Flower
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Poppy, papaver, somniferum gives morphine (opoid)
Vinca, rosea gives vincristine and vincristine. Rose give water used as tonic. |
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Plant source:Seeds
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Seeds of Nux, vomica give strychnine, which is CNS stimulant.
Castor oil seeds give Castro oil. Calabar beans give Physostigmine, which is a cholinomimetic. |
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Plant source: Fruits
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Senna pods give anthracite, which is a purgative (used in constipation )
Calabar beans give Physostigmine, which is cholinmimetic agent. |
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Plant source: Bark
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Cinchona, bark gives quinine and quinidine, which are antimalarial drugs. Quinidine also has antiarrhythmic properties.
Atropa, belladonna gives atropine, which is anticholinergic. Hyoscyamus, Niger gives Hyosine, which is also anticholinergic. |
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Plant source: stem
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Chondrodendron, tomentosum gives tuboqurarine, which is skeletal muscle relaxant used in general anesthesia
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Plant source: Roots
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Ipecacuanha root gives Emetine, used to induce vomiting as in accidental poisoning
It also has amoebicidal properties. Rauwolfia serpentina gives preserving, a hypotensive agent. Reserpine was used for hypertension treatment. |
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Animal source
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Pancreas is the source of insulin, used in treatment of diabetes
Urine of pregnant women gives human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) used for the treatment of infertility sheep thyroid is a source of thyroxin, used in hypertension. Cod liver is used as a source of vitamin A ad D Anterior pituitary is a source of pituitary gonadotropin, used in treatment of infertility. Blood of animals is used in preparation of vaccines. Stomach tissues contains pepsin and try passing, which are digestive juices used in treatment of peptic diseases in the past. Nowadays better drugs have replaced them. |
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Mineral source: Metallic and Non metallic sources:
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Iron is used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia
Mercurial salts are used in syphilis Zinc is used as zinc supplement. Zinc oxide paste is used in wounds and in eczema. Iodine is antiseptic. Iodine supplements are also used. Gold salts are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. |
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Mineral source: Miscellaneous sources
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Fluorine has antiseptic properties.
Borax has antiseptic properties as well. Selenium as selenium sulphide is used in anti dandruff shampoo. Petroleum is used in preparation of liquid paraffin. |
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Synthetic sources
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When the nucleus of the drug from the natural source as well as its chemical structure is altered, we call it synthetic.
e.g emetine bismuth iodide |
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Semi synthetic source
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When the nucleus of the drug obtained from natural source is retained but the chemical structure is altered.
e.g Apomorphine, diacetyl morphine, ethinyl estradiol, homatropine, ampicillin and methyl testosterone. Most of the drugs used nowadays (such as antianxiety drugs, and convulsants) are synthetic forms |
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Microbiological source
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Penicillium notatum is a fungus which gives penicillin
Actinobacteria give strerptomycin Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin and tobramycin are obtained from streptomycis and micromonosporas. |
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Recombinant DNA technology
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Recombinant DNA technology involves cleavages of DNA by enzyme restriction endonucleases.
The desired gene is coupled to rapidly replicating DNA (viral bacterial or plasmid). The new genetic combination is inserted into the bacterial cultures which allows production of vast amount of genetic material. |
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Recombinant DNA technology
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Advantages
*huge amounts o drugs can be produced *drug can be obtained in pure form *it is less antigenic Disadvantages *well equipped lad is required *highly trained staff is required *it is a complex and complicated technique |
