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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The original publication of information which introduces new knowledge or enhances the existing knowledge about a medical or pharmacy topic
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Primary Literature
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References used to locate specific information published in medical and pharmacy journals
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Secondary Literature
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Contains information that is compiled from various types and sources of medical and pharmacy literature. Tertiary references can be general or specialized references books/databases and review articles.
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Tertiary Literature
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Drug Monographs
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A.H.F.S. Drug Information
Drug Facts & Comparisons |
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Foreign Drugs
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Martindale- The Complete Drug Reference
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Drug Interactions
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Hansten and Horn
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I.V. Compatibility
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King Guide to Parenteral Admixtures
Trissel- Handbook on Injectable Drugs |
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Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation
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Briggs- Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation
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Disease States
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UpToDate
Harrison’s Online |
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Infectious Diseases
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Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy
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Evidence Based Medicine
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ACP Pier
DynaMed |
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Therapeutics
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Dipiro- Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiological Approach
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Pediatric Dosing
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Harriet Lane Handbook
Pediatric Injectable Drugs (Teddy Bear Book) |
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AWP Information & NDC Numbers
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Redbook
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Drugs in Lactation
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Hale- Medications & Mothers’ Milk
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I.P.A.
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International Pharmaceutical Abstracts
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The focus of I.P.A.
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primarily pharmacy-related journals
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What database is I.P.A. available at UAMS?
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OVID
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What type of format is I.P.A.?
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indexing & abstracting
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The focus of Medline
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medical, dental, & veterinary journals
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What database is Medline available on at UAMS?
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OVID & PubMed
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What type of format is Medline?
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Indexing & abstracting
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MESH
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MEdical Subject Heading
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Keyboard characters used as “wild card” symbols on OVID
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(*) or ($)
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Keyboard characters used as “wild card” symbols on PubMed
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(*) ONLY!!
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The two links that you would click to check for the availability of an electronic full text version of an article when there is not a full text or OVID full text link for the article on an OVID search
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a. Library holdings
b. E-Journal holdings |
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The drug (trade/generic) name that you should use on Medline search b/c it will typically result in the highest number of search results
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generic name
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Experimental Studies - Pharmaceutical research
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lab oriented research typically designed to evaluate some aspect of a drug’s physical or chemical properties. Examples include drug stability in different situations & the compatibility of 2 or more parenteral drugs when mixed together.
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Experimental Studies - Clinical Trial
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an interventional study in which the response of one group of subjects to a drug is compared to the response of another group of subjects to a placebo or another active drug. The clinical trial is typically used to evaluate a drug’s clinical efficacy & safety.
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Observational Studies
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typically used to try to find a possible association between something people do willingly or have no control over and an outcome that positively or negatively affects their lives. The objectives of such research often focus on studying medical & life style factors and whether the factors increase or decrease the risk of a particular health-related outcome. The study conclusions may be used by health-related & government organizations to develop recommendations for healthy living. Observational studies in general are sometimes referred to as “epidemiologic studies”.
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Case-control Study
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a non-interventional study in which a group of subjects with a particular outcome (the cases) is compared to a group of subjects without the disease or outcome (the controls) to determine if there may be an association between exposure to a particular risk or factor & the development of the disease or outcome. The data is collected retrospectively using questionnaires, interviews and/or medical records and is then utilized in the statistical analysis that determines the study conclusion. This study design is sometimes referred to as “trohoc study”. In a “nested” case-control study, cohort study subjects who develop the focus disease or outcome are used as the cases.
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Cohort (follow-up) Study
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a non-interventional study in which a cohort or group of subjects who are exposed to a common risk or factor and a group of subjects who are not exposed to the risk or factor are followed prospectively and compared to determine if there is an association between exposure to the risk or factor and the development of a certain disease or outcome. Follow-up questionnaires or interviews every few years are used to update the subjects’ information. The number of subjects who develop the focus disease or outcome is utilized in the statistical analysis that determines the study conclusion. Cohort studies often involve large numbers of subjects & are conducted over many years. The 2 best known cohort study groups in the US are the Nurses Health Study (composed of women) and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (composed of men). The term follow-up study may also be used to describe an uncontrolled cohort study in which only the group exposed to the risk or factor is followed OR to describe an extension of a clinical trial with the active drug subjects being followed for an additional period of time after the trial ends in order to assess positive & negative effects of longer term use of the drug.
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Cohort (follow-up) Study
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a non-interventional study in which a cohort or group of subjects who are exposed to a common risk or factor and a group of subjects who are not exposed to the risk or factor are followed prospectively and compared to determine if there is an association between exposure to the risk or factor and the development of a certain disease or outcome. Follow-up questionnaires or interviews every few years are used to update the subjects’ information. The number of subjects who develop the focus disease or outcome is utilized in the statistical analysis that determines the study conclusion. Cohort studies often involve large numbers of subjects & are conducted over many years. The 2 best known cohort study groups in the US are the Nurses Health Study (composed of women) and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (composed of men). The term follow-up study may also be used to describe an uncontrolled cohort study in which only the group exposed to the risk or factor is followed OR to describe an extension of a clinical trial with the active drug subjects being followed for an additional period of time after the trial ends in order to assess positive & negative effects of longer term use of the drug.
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Case Reports (one patient) or case series (more than one patient):
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a description of the response of one or more patients to a drug used in the treatment of a disease state. Drug-related descriptive reports typically address the efficacy of the drug therapy for an off-label use, the occurrence of an unexpected/unusual adverse effect or interaction thought to be caused by the drug(s), or some other unique occurrence observed during the drug therapy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy & Pharmacotherapy contain more drug-related descriptive reports than any other medical or pharmacy journal.
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Case Reports (one patient) or case series (more than one patient):
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a description of the response of one or more patients to a drug used in the treatment of a disease state. Drug-related descriptive reports typically address the efficacy of the drug therapy for an off-label use, the occurrence of an unexpected/unusual adverse effect or interaction thought to be caused by the drug(s), or some other unique occurrence observed during the drug therapy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy & Pharmacotherapy contain more drug-related descriptive reports than any other medical or pharmacy journal.
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Meta-analyses
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data from two or more studies is combined & the statistics are performed on the combined data to give a conclusion based on the combined subject population of the studies.
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Meta-analyses
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data from two or more studies is combined & the statistics are performed on the combined data to give a conclusion based on the combined subject population of the studies.
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Pharmacoeconomic research
Review articles Editorials or commentaries Letters to the editor |
§ These additional types of information are considered to be primary literature if they contain the original publication of information which introduces new knowledge or enhances existing knowledge.
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Pharmacoeconomic research
Review articles Editorials or commentaries Letters to the editor |
§ These additional types of information are considered to be primary literature if they contain the original publication of information which introduces new knowledge or enhances existing knowledge.
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Randomized
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luck of the draw
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Randomized
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luck of the draw
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Single-center VS Multi-center
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Single center implies one location for the trial; multi-center implies multiple centers to conduct the trail. The advantages of multi-center trials are the ability to involve more subjects and have a better variety of subjects.
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Single-center VS Multi-center
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Single center implies one location for the trial; multi-center implies multiple centers to conduct the trail. The advantages of multi-center trials are the ability to involve more subjects and have a better variety of subjects.
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Prospective VS Retrospective
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The prospective approach to clinical trials is what we usually use. We start today and look at results when they occur at some later date. Restrospective can be used in observational studies (like a Case-control study) when historical data is the control.
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Prospective VS Retrospective
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The prospective approach to clinical trials is what we usually use. We start today and look at results when they occur at some later date. Restrospective can be used in observational studies (like a Case-control study) when historical data is the control.
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Superiority VS Equivalence VS Non-inferiority trials
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Most of the time our aim is to test the superiority of a drug; however, equivalence & non-inferiority may be tested as well.
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Superiority VS Equivalence VS Non-inferiority trials
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Most of the time our aim is to test the superiority of a drug; however, equivalence & non-inferiority may be tested as well.
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Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis
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all randomized subjects are included in the statistical analysis
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Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis
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all randomized subjects are included in the statistical analysis
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P-value
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<0.05 is typically considered to indicate statistical significant.
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P-value
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<0.05 is typically considered to indicate statistical significant.
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Confidence Interval
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typically 95%
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