Drug Info

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define Drug Info

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printed information in a reference or verbalized by an individual that pertains to medications

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Define Medication Info

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management and use of information on medication therapy demonstrating pharmacists role in provision of information

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Tertiary Literature

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Compilation of primary literature

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Secondary Literature

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Path to primary Literature

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Primary Literature

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original research

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Drug Approval Process

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Pre-clinical: animal studies


Phase I: healthy volunteers, determine safety and toxicity


Phase II: Dose ranging study, 100-200 patients suffering from the disease that the medication is intended to treat


Phase III: Safety and efficacy, thousands of patients, basis of FDA approval


Phase IV: postmarketing surveillance

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First Drug Info Center
When and where

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1962
-University of Kentucky Medical Center

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writting OPORTUNITIES in pharmacy

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In areas of research: methodology, results
In areas of academia: manuscripts, lectures, handouts
In areas of clinical practice: documentation, patient records, administrative documents

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Medical Writing

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incorporates knowledge, methods, and terminology from a variety of fields.
-reserved for licensed health care professionals ONLY!

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Reputable websites

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Academic (edu)
Government (gov)-can be bought by the public
Not for profit (org)-no longer just not for profit

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Elements of Medical Journalism

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1. Accuracy
2. Translation (capturing the perception of the scientist and create a reader centered article)

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5 Indicators of High Quality Writing

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1. correctness
2. conciseness
3. clarity
4. completeness
5. audience

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Referencing

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*serves three primary purposes
1. documentation
2. acknowledgement
3. directs others to more detail

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Style and Format for refrencing

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numbered consecutively (on how they appear in order, not in ABC order)

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author responsible for what when refrencing

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-author responsible for all reference citations

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editors responsible for what when refrencing

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editors responsible for completeness, accuracy, style

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****Always consult the primary source, never cite a reference you have not read yourself!!!!! *******

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FYFI MORGAN!

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purpose of refrencing

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ethical and professional courtesy
professional knowledge of biomedical Literature
-strengthen academic arguments or research hypothesis
-trail to the original source

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What to refrence..examples

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exact words or unique phrases
-diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures
-electronically available media-images, audio, video
-personal interviews

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What NOT to refrence

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common knowledge/common sense
-generally accepted facts
-results from personal research products
-your own work ie; photos, videos
-your own ideas, thoughts, experiences ext.(CRAIG)

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=)~

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WAKE UP

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Refrencing guidelines

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. national library of medicine (NLM)
2. American medical association (AMA)
3. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors ICMJE

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Standard Journal Citation
-know when to capitalize

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Author Name (capitalize and alphabetize). Article title (capitalize). Journal Name abbreviation. Date accessed (year month day) SEMI COLON volume # (in parenthesis issue #) : location ie the page number.

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Refrencing Online Journals

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use standard journal citation followed by [online]  brackets, not parenthesis

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3 Refrencing STYLES

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American Psychological Association
2. Modern Language Association
3. House Style

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Which refrencing Style is preferred and define it

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House Style
-is a combination of NLM Referencing guidelines and any journal or assignment specific requirement

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referencing DO's

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superscript in text for reference #’s
-endnotes
-reference pages
-references for data on presentation slides or handouts
-image references on slides or via image slides at the end of a presentation

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Referencing DO NOT's
mmm Donuts!

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-do not use footnotes
-do not use works cited page
-do not use reference # enclosed in parenthesis.
-do not forget to use quotes when using exact wording
-do not think that by rewording, you do not have to site

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What constitues plagerism

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is taking the ideas or copying the language of another writer without formal acknowledgment
-can be prosecuted as a federal crime
-violates copyright laws
-copying and pasting = the new plagiarism

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examples of Primary Literature

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journal articles, abstracts, dissertations and theses, conference proceedings, poster presentations, correspondences, patents

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Purpose of Primary Literature

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educate peers
-promote research
-basis of FDA drug approval
-demonstrates professional knowledge and peer validated competence.

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Diff between Magazine and Scholarly Journal

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Magazine- entertain and inform
S.J.- scholarly communication

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Magazine characteristics

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content-entertainment, opinion, current topics, quick facts

visual- Glossy, color pictures, advertisements

author- staff writer, journalist

cred-Evaluated by staff editors

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SJ Characteristics

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content-research, review articles, case reports, in depthanalysis

-few advertisements and journals

author-experts or scholars in field

Peer-reviewed, published by specific professional organization, indexed in online databases.

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Define Journal Impact Factor

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-average # of times articles from the journal published in the past two years, have been cited in the journal citation report (JCR) year

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Article Format

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. title
2. abstract
3. introduction
4. methods
5. results
6. discussion/conclusion
7. references

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Title

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brief description of research conducted
-do not have conclusion of research in title!!!

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Abstract

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-overview
-can be structured or unstructured

****Clinical decisions should NEVER!!!!!!! Be made based solely on the information contained within the abstract!

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unstructured Abstract vs
structured Abstract

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un-one cohesive paragraph, not comprehensive

struct.-little paragraphs broken down to include a brief sentences for background, objective, methods, results, conclusions, and key words. (use titles for each one of the sections within the abstract

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Introduction

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describes background information, reviews current knowledge, should include prior research to support rationale for conducting this study
-answer the question of why this study was done.

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Methods

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most important!!

--demonstrates how study was conducted
-patient selection process!
*Also should include website selection, relevance assessment, and date extraction and web site evaluation for each of the sources used in the project.

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Results

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-reporting the facts, without explaining them
-adverse effects
-tables, charts, figures

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Disscusion/ Conclusion

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evaluation of the results, interpretation of findings
-relevance to clinical practice
-study limitations and author recommendations

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Purpose of Secondary Liter.

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organize the information that is found in primary literature.

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Define Secondary Lit.

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-consist of abstracting and indexing services of primary literature
~ abstracting = summary
~ indexing = where to find info in primary journal

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indexing services

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contain bibliographical information only and the information is indexed by topic.

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Ex. of Second Literature
(Second Base =) )

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PubMed -EMBASE -Current Contents
-IPA -Medline -Cocharane Library
-CINAHL -MANTIS

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Strengths of Second. Lit.

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-organizes published scientific literature
-maintain current awareness
-clinical problem solving
-versatile

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Limitations of Second. Lit

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expensive
-limited access
-Degree of knowledge (idiots don't know how to use it)
-limited scope (some databases specific to certain profession)

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Medline

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-is an abstracting services, meaning it has summary and location to find original article

-main database from the national library of medicine
-wide scope of professions

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what is MESH

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Medical Subject Headlines
-used for searches

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PubMED

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pubmed = medline + premedline

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Premedline

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contains citations and abstracts prior to their inclusion into Medline

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What are the two databases that are provided for the lay public at an 8th grade reading level?

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Medline plus
Medline plus en el Mexican

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Embase

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Excerpta Medica Database
produced by Elsevier, not government sponsored
Uses EMTREE to search

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Compare Embase to Medline

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Medline / Embase
1960-present / 1974-present
Mostly U.S.A. Journals /Mostly European Journals
Uses MESH / Uses EMTREE
Free Access / Access by subscription
Run by government / Privately run
Covers = 4,600 journals / Covers 5,000 journals
/ Most up to date

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International Pharmaceutical abstracts (IPA)

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-pharmacy specific database
-indexes 700 pharmacy publications
-contains info on dietary supplements and contains journals and abstracts from pharmacy organizations
-updated monthly

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Cumulative Index To Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL)

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Provides extensive coverage of worldwide nursing and allied health care coverage.
-updated weekly
-indexing service

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SPORTDiscus

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indexing service about sports
aka stuff Craig doesn't know shit about

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Mantis-Manual Alternative and natural therapy index system

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abstracts from diff disciplines
alternative medicine

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MD Consult

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hybrid resource: online medical information through direct links from selected textbooks, full-text journals, medline, ext

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meta analysis

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review clinical trials and produce new statistics to have a full summary of all trials.

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Boolean operators

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words that help you combine search terms when searching in a database

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examples of Boolean operators

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and= narrows
Or = broadens
Not = eliminates

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AHFS Drug information

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Terriary Lit
FDA approved and off label drug uses

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Drug Facts and Comparisons Characteristics

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-gold standard organized by drug class
-useful drug summary charts for product comparison
-orphan drug information
-Loose Leaf binder updated monthly

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Red Book

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List average wholesale prices (AWPs)
-manufacturer contact info, visual product identification

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Resources for Drug Interactions

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-Hansten and Horn’s Drug Interaction Analysis and Management

-Drug Interaction Facts

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Tablet Identification

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Ident-A-Drug
Indetidex

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AKA Trissells

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The Handbook of Injectible Drug's

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Foreign Drug Resources

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Index Nonium
Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
USP/NF

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AKA Briggs

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Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation (Briggs)

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Teddy Bear Book

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Pediatric Injectable drugs

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Microdex characertistics

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DRUGDEX
-DRUG-REAX
-PDR
-index nominum
-detailed drug information for the consumer
-comparative drug summaries
-alternative medicine
-Poisindex management
-identidex-pill identification
-reprorisk system
-IV index with Trissel’s 2
-Lab Advisor
-DiseaseDex General Medicine
-Drug Point Summary

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Name any 1 white Grand Cru vineyard in Burgundy.

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Chablis:
Blanchot , Bougros
Les Clos , Grenouilles
La Montonne , Les Preuses
Valmur , Vandesir

Cotes de Nuits:
Musigny

Cotes de Beaune:
Le Montrachet , Corton-Charlemagne
Corton Bâtard-Montrachet Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet Chevelier-Montrachet

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UPtoDATE features

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or healthcare professionals and patients
-includes Lexi-Comp drug information
-study showed usage level and preference for uptodate, Dynamed, and MD consult equal

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DynaMED features

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evidence based resource authored by physcians
-medication information from AHFS drug information
-updated daily
-study demonstrated physicians answered more questions with dynamed.

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Pharmacist Letter features

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published monthly by Therapeutic Research center
-available via internet and PDA for free
-Features: drug comparison charts, continuing education, rumor vs. truth, guidelines, patient handouts, new drug approval alerts

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IPA search features

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SmartText, Visual search

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Searching pitfalls

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secondary databases index terms differently
-using too many limits with the initial search may eliminate important articles
-limiting to full text only
-searching only one database

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7 steps of modified systemic approach

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secure requestor demographics
2. obtain background information
3. determine and categorize ultimate question
4. develop strategy and conduct search
5. perform evaluation, analysis and synthesis
6. Formulate and provide response
7. conduct follow up and documentation

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ADR account for _______% of hospital admissions
-__________% of ADR are preventable

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ADR account for 3-15% of hospital admissions
-30-60% of ADR are preventable

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Resources for identifying adverse drug reactions

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Primary Literature (gold standard)
Secondary Lit. (Databases)
Tertiary Literature