Drug Action Exam 3

Front 1

the study of changes in behavior produced by a drug and the mechanisms by which the drug produces these changes

Back 1

behavioral pharmacology

Front 2

examples of instinctive behaviors

Back 2

eating, aggression, sexual behaviors

Front 3

examples of learned behaviors

Back 3

mazes, bar pressing

Front 4

instinctive behaviors (5)

Back 4

1. locomotion

2. sensory function

3. food and water intake

4. aggressive behavior

5. sexual behavior

Front 5

testing for locomotion

Back 5

-total distance traveled by animal

-revolutions of rodent on wheel

-number of sectors animal enters

Front 6

testing for sensory function

Back 6

-hot plate and tail-flick tests

Front 7

testing for food and water intake

Back 7

-amounts and patterns of consumption

Front 8

testing for aggressive behavior

Back 8

-count of spontaneous attacks

-number of dominant or submissive postures

-shock induced aggression

Front 9

testing for sexual behavior

Back 9

-frequency of lordosis in females

-mounting, intromission, ejaculation in males

Front 10

conditioned stimulus

Back 10

sound

Front 11

unconditioned response

Back 11

salivation due to food

Front 12

unconditioned stimulus

Back 12

food

Front 13

conditioned response

Back 13

salivation due to sound

Front 14

used to determine if compounds have reinforcing or aversive properties

Back 14

conditioned place preference and conditioned place aversion

Front 15

steps of conditioned place preference

Back 15

1. habituation

2. conditioning and control

3. preference testing

Front 16

describe operant conditioning

Back 16

type of learning whereby probability of a particular behavior can be either increased or decreased, depending on consequences of that behavior

Front 17

operant response for hungry rat and lever

Back 17

lever press (operated by animal to change environment)

Front 18

positive reinforcer for hungry rat and lever

Back 18

positive reinforcer (strengthens behavior)

Front 19

type of process for hungry rat and food pellet

Back 19

positive reinforcement

Front 20

type of process for hungry rat and prevention of an unpleasant stimulus

Back 20

negative reinforcement

Front 21

lever press results in delivery of unpleasant stimulus

Back 21

punishment

Front 22

always lead to increased probabilities of behavior vs what always leads to decrease in behavior

Back 22

1. positive and negative reinforcement

2. punishment

Front 23

type of schedule of reinforcement which means animal must press response lever certain amount of times to receive response

Back 23

fixed ratio

Front 24

type of schedule means the animal must wait certain amount of time before he can press lever again and receive response

Back 24

fixed interval

Front 25

gives a baseline of animal's performance of a measurable task

Back 25

placebo (control)

Front 26

the storage of learned information in a manner that permits its recall into consciousness at a later time

Back 26

memory

Front 27

3 steps of memory

Back 27

1. registration of info into short term form

2. consolidation into a longer lasting form

3. retrieval

Front 28

-have been shown to play a role in learning and memory

Back 28

pituitary peptides

Front 29

effect of hypophysectomy and lack of ACTH

Back 29

deficit in learning shock-avoidance response

Front 30

delays extinction of learned behavior

Back 30

vasopressin (strengthens memory)

Front 31

atropine

Back 31

antagonist of muscarinic Ach receptors

-produces dissociation btwn behaviors and state of consciousness shown by EEG

-impairs learning

Front 32

depletion of serotonin

Back 32

-increase in pain sensitivity, increase aggression, insomnia, suppression of SWS, increase sexual activity

Front 33

increase of serotonin activity

Back 33

decreases food and water intake (SSRIs prescribed to obese)

Front 34

L-dopamine

Back 34

treat Parkinsonism

Front 35

Norepinephrine

Back 35

alpha receptors - inhibit satiety

beta receptors - decrease feeding

Front 36

strychnine

Back 36

inhibits inhibitory neurotransmission, enhancing

-facilitates learning of some tasks

Front 37

amphetamine

Back 37

promotes release of DA and NE and inhibits uptake

-enhances attention

Front 38

anisomycin

Back 38

protein synthesis inhibitor that can produce amnesia and impaired retention of a task learned previously

-example of memory formation changes due to changes in neuronal protein levels

Front 39

what is a drug generalization gradient?

Back 39

dose-response relationship of drug being studied

-determines which doses of the drug are perceived to be like the training dose of the drug administered by measuring response

Front 40

describe state dependent learning

Back 40

one group is trained to perform certain task under the influence of a drug while other control group is trained in the absence of drug.

After training, groups are divided into. Half of each group is then tested with drug and half given vehicle.

Front 41

How do you know if state dependent learning has occurred?

Back 41

only animals tested under the same conditions present will perform the task correctly.

Front 42

drugs for which state dependent learning has been demonstrated?

Back 42

1. ethnanol

2. perntobarbital

3. scopolamine

4. morphine

5. cannabis

Front 43

2 ways to determine discriminability of a drug

Back 43

1. rate of acquisition of discrimination

2. max degree of control over behavior

Front 44

4 factors important for drug effects on stimulus control

Back 44

1. drugs act centrally

2. sensory stimuli perceived differently UID

3. receptor antagonists allow determination of exact molecular site of action of discriminable drug. (morphine effects on mu, gamma, kappa receptor subtypes)

4. acquisition of drug discrimination blocked by antagonists

Front 45

how does an elevated plus maze work?

Back 45

cross shape maze elevated off the floor. two arms have walls while two arms have no walls. Rats are hesitant to explore open arms. When given benzodiazepines, rats will spend more time in open arms of maze, because anxiety is reduced.

Front 46

Describe how to trigger a conditioned emotional response with a rat, a lever, food pellet, and foot shock.

Back 46

Hungry animal has been taught to press the lever for a food reward. The rat is then exposed to a tone and at the end is shocked, learning to associate tone with the shock. Lever pressing is significantly reduced when tone is heard due to anxiety. Benzodiazepines show less of a decrease in lever press when tone is played.

Front 47

model for behavioral despair

Back 47

rats paced in a small circular glass chamber with water try to escape but eventually give up and float on surface

-when given antidepressants, mice don't give up

-takes weeks to manifest effect

Front 48

model for depression using olfactory bulbectomy

Back 48

removal of olfactory bulbs causes aggression, irritability, or hyperactive.

Effects can be reversed by antidepressant treatment

Front 49

model for depression for chronic mild stress

Back 49

-animals exposed to low level stressors develop anhedonia to normally rewarding stimuli.

-chronic treatment with antidepressants reverses

Front 50

model for schizophrenia

-why hard to model in animals?

-what other stereotyped behaviors are there?

Back 50

1. delusions, hallucinations difficult to assess in animals.

2.licking, gnawing, circling

Antipsychotic drugs that control schizo in humans block stereotyped behaviors

Front 51

How does pre pulse inhibition work in schizophrenics?

Back 51

It is impaired in schizophrenics and in rat models. Schizophrenics cannot filter out unnecessary information.

Front 52

What is pre-pulse inhibition?

Back 52

A prepulse delivered about 100 msec before the pulse results in a reduced startle response.

Front 53

What psychoactive drugs are reinforcing?

Back 53

1. stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines

2. opioids like heroin and morphine

3. CNS depressants and anxiolytics (barbs and benzos)

Front 54

What drugs are punishers?

Back 54

1. Neuroleptics (haloperidol)

2. opioid antagonists (naloxone and naltrexone)

3. hallucinogens (LSD and mescaline)

4. THC

Front 55

Methods of administration for studying reinforcement

Back 55

1. oral - drug put in food or water and gives animal choice

2. intravenous - lever pressing delivers predetermined amount of drug from venous catheter.

two advantages - taste not a factor, quick drug onset

Front 56

what is progressive ratio method?

Back 56

The abuse potential for different compounds can be assessed by how much work the animal is willing to do to get the drug.

The ratio is increased so animal must work harder. When the response drops off - break point is reached.

The higher the break point, the more reinforcing the drug, the more abuse potential.

Front 57

Brain region important for reinforcement

Back 57

frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, VTA, locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe

Front 58

NTs important for reinforcement

Back 58

dopamine, opioid, serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine