Dr Zang Imm 1

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Systemic sclerosis

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is a rare chronic disease of unknown cause characterized by diffuse fibrosis, degenerative changes, and vascular abnormalities in the skin, joints, and internal organs (especially the esophagus, lower GI tract, lung, heart, and kidney).

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Sjögren Syndrome

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is an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva. It can exist as a disorder in its own right (Primary Sjögren's syndrome) or it may develop years after the onset of an associated rheumatic disorders (Secondary Sjögren's syndrome).

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

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is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects primarily the joints, but may involve extra-articular tissues such as the skin, blood vessels, lungs and heart.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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) is the prototype of a multisystem disease of autoimmune origin characterized by a bewildering array of autoantibodies, particularly antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). Acute or insidious in its onset, it is a chronic, remitting and relapsing, often febrile illness characterized by injury to skin (Butterfly rash), joints, kidney, and serosal membranes.

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Isolated IgA deficiency

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is a common immunodeficiency. Affected individuals have extremely low levels of both serum and secretory IgA. Repeated sinopulmonary and gastrointestinal disease.

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Common variable Immunodeficiency

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is a group of 20-30 primary immunodeficiencies. The feature common to all patients is hypogammaglobulinemia. Recurrent and chronic infections, particularly intestinal infections, chronic swelling of the lymph glands, enlarged spleen.

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X-linked agammaglobulinemia

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is characterized by the failure of B-cell precursors (pro-B cells and pre-B cells) to mature into B cell. Patients usually present with recurrent pyogenic infections with extracellular pathogens.

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type-I
(Immediate)

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IgE, basophils and eosinophil, allergic, asthma, hay fever

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Type-II (cytotoxic)

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IgG, IgM, ab and complement, erythroblastosis fetalis, goodpasture's nephritis

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Type-III (immune complex)

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IgG, IgM, complement and neutrophils, SLE, Farmer's lung dis

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Type-IV

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no ab and organs, monocytes and lymphocytes, tuberculin test, poison ivy, granuloma

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autograft

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a transplant of a tissue or whole organ from one part of the same animal to another part

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isograft

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from one identical twin to another

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allograft

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from one human being to another or from any any animal to another animal of the same species

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Xenograft

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from a lower animal to a human being or from an animal of one species to one of another species

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Erythroblastosis Fetils (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

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Erythroblastosis Fetails is a dis of the fetus and newborn child characterized by agglutnation and phagocytosis of the fetu's RBCs, in most cases the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+, the baby has ingerited the Rh-positive from father, the mother develops anti-Rh agglutinins from exposure to the fetus's Rh antigen, the mother's agglutinins diffuse through the placenta into the fetus and cause RBC agglutination

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Type O

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neither A or B

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Type A

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Only type A

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Type B

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Only type B

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Type AB

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Both A and B

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Memory Cells are produced by

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The division of B and T cells

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Helper T Cells

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CD4 Positive, form lymphokines that act on other cells of the immune system

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Cytotoxic T Cells

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CD8 Positive, direct-attack cells that are capable of killing microorganisms and some of the body's own cells. Part of cell mediated immune response against virus-infected cells or tumor cells

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Suppressor T Cells

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capable of suppressing the functions of both cytotoxic and helper T cells. They also play an important role in limiting the ability of immune system to attack a person's own body tissues called immune tolerance

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IgE

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constitutes only a small percentage of the ab but is especially involved in allergy

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IgG

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which is a bivalent ab and constitutes about 75 per cent of the ab of the normal person

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Leukopenia

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is a decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) found in the bloods, which places individuals at increased risk of infection

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Leukemia

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is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes)

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reticuloendothelial system

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The total combination of monocytes, mobile macrophages, fixed tissue macrophages, and a few specialized endothelial cells in the bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes

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Chemotaxis

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many different chemical substances in the tussues cause both neutrophils and macrophages to move toward the source of the chemical

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neutrophils

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mature cells that can attack and destroy bacteria even in the circulating blood

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Monocytes

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tissue macrophages begin life as blood monocytes; immature cells while still in the blood and have little ability to fight infectious agents at that time once they enter the tissues, they begin to swell to as great as 60 to 80 micrometers, called macrophages, and they are extremely capable of combating intratissue disease agents

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eosinophils

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often produced in largo number in people with parasitic infections

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Basophils

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plays an exceedingly important role in some types of allergic reactions because the immunoglobulin E (IgE) has a special propensity to become attached to basophils