Dr. Waters Chapter 16

Front 1

is the study of an organism's structure.

Back 1

Anatomy

Front 2

describes how the parts work.

Back 2

Physiology

Front 3

Animal organization begins at the _________ level.

Back 3

Cellular

Front 4

a group of cells working together

Back 4

Tissue

Front 5

A group of tissues working together

Back 5

Organ

Front 6

Multiple organs working together

Back 6

Organ System

Front 7

*Most diverse.

*Always embedded in a matrix.

*Typically the matrix is secreted by cells called __________.

Back 7

Connective Nerves

Fibroblast

Front 8

**A supporting structure that gives an animal its shape and protects internal organs.

Back 8

Skeleton

Front 9

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Back 9

consists of a fluid within a layer of flexible tissue.

Front 10

Exoskeleton

Back 10

an external and usually hard covering to the body.

Front 11

Endoskeleton

Back 11

an internal support structure.

Front 12

Bones

Large Bones

Back 12

*provide movement and give Ca and P to the body.

*make blood cells.

~contain a bone marrow which contains mostly fat.

Front 13

Bone Tissue

Back 13

*consists of cells suspended in a matrix of collegen and minerals.

*the hardness is from Ca and P coating collegen fibers.

Front 14

Bone Cells

Back 14

are called osteocytes , which form rings called which contain blood vessels and nerves.

Front 15

Compact Bone

Spongy

Back 15

has closely packed osteons

and

has loosely packed osteon filled with marrow.

Front 16

Cartilage

Back 16

lacks a blood supply so it takes a long time to heal

Front 17

Ligaments

Back 17

join bone to bone.

Front 18

Homeostasis

Back 18

Calcium regulation (maintaining constant conditions)

Front 19

Calcium Regulation

Back 19

*If Ca is too high the thyroid releases calcitonin.

*Intestines stops taking up Ca.

*Kidneys move Ca into the urine.

*Bones take up Ca.

*If Ca is too low, the parathyroid releases PTH.

Front 20

Osteoporosis

Back 20

woman have less bone mass than males and are more likely to suffer from this.

*the bones release more Ca than they can take up.

Front 21

Loose Connective

Back 21

connective tissue that is loose.

Ex: Skin -> Muscle

Front 22

Dense Connective

Back 22

connective tissue that is dense.

Ex: Muscle -> Bones

Front 23

Adapose Fat

Back 23

deflate, not removed

Front 24

Blood

Back 24

white, red, and platelets in plasm.

Front 25

Cartilage

Back 25

collegen, ears/ nose/ pre-cursor to bone.

Front 26

Bone

Back 26

collegen + minerals, grows back.

Front 27

Simple Squamous

Back 27

thin, flat cells

*One layer; in the lungs/ kidneys

Front 28

Stratified Squamous

Back 28

skin

*Multiple layers of thin, small cells.

*Pennies of the body, back of the throat.

Front 29

Simple Cuboidal

Back 29

Kidneys

*One layer of cubed-shaped cells.

Front 30

Stratified Cuboidal

Back 30

Sweat Glands/ Siliva

*Multi-layered.

Front 31

Simple Columnar

Back 31

Digestive Tract

*One layer

Front 32

Pseudostratified Columnar

Back 32

*creates mucus in respiratory tract (snot).

Front 33

Nervous Tissue

Back 33

*Job is to convey information throughout the body.

*Makes up nerves, spinal cord and brain.

Front 34

Neurons

Back 34

form communication networks and receive, process, and transmit.

Front 35

Neuroglia

Back 35

Cells that support neurons.

Front 36

Schwann Cells

Back 36

are high in fat and insulate neurons.

Front 37

Astrocytes

Back 37

attach to blood vessels in the brain.

Front 38

Sensory Nervous System: Three Roles

Back 38

*Sensory input - vision, touch, smell, pain

*Sensory Integration - the processing of the senses by the brain and the spinal cord. (reflexes)

*Motor Response - a signal sent to muscles to the sensory input.

Front 39

Sensory Nervous System: Two Main Divisions

Back 39

*Control Nervous System - accomplishes the sensory processing (brain and spinal cord).

*Peripheral Nervous System - carries information between the brain and the body.

Front 40

Axon

Back 40

single long extension that conducts nerve impulses.

Front 41

Myelin Sheath

Back 41

cells that surround that axon and act as insulators.

Front 42

Node of Ranvier

Back 42

space between myelin sheath cells.

Front 43

Neuron

Back 43

a nerve cell

Front 44

The Cell Body

Back 44

houses all the normal cell parts like nucleus, mitochondria ect.

Front 45

Dendrites

Back 45

are short branched extensions that transmit information toward the cell body.

Front 46

How does a nerve work?

Back 46

*If a nerve is not firing, it is known as being in resting potential and is highly negative inside.

*Maintaining the resting potential using a Na - K pump, which maintains the charges.

*When a nerve fires it is a wave of Na/Positive charges moving in and K - out.

Front 47

*TheMyelin Sheath increasing the speed of nerve impulses.

*Thesignal can jump to the Nodes of Ranvier.

*Thenerve fires over 100x faster.

Back 47

Myelin Sheath

Front 48

Diseases Tay Sachs

Back 48

excess fat and nerves stop, while multiple sclerosis- the sheath degrade and the nerve fire (sporadically.)

Front 49

Atthe end of the nerve there is a space that leads tothe next neuron.

Back 49

Synapse

Front 50

*To relay the signal, the 1st nerve sends molecules, which hit proteins on the next nerve signaling the continuation of the impulse.

*Regulation leads to our understanding of depression and anti-depressant medication.

*teaches about bug sprays, nerves gases and opiate drugs.

Back 50

neurotranomitters

Front 51

Muscle Tissue

Back 51

*Cellsthat contract when protein fibers move past one another.

*Theycontain abundant mitochondria.

*Attachto bones to make body parts move.

Front 52

Skeletalmuscle

Back 52

*consists of long cells called muscle fibers each containing multiple nuclei.

*Most attaches to bones and causes voluntary movements that animals control.

Front 53

Cardiac muscle

Back 53

*found only in the heart.

*Cells are short and control is involuntary.

Front 54

Smooth muscle

Back 54

*contraction is involuntary.

*Controls the movement of food, pupil contraction, and blood vessel diameter (No Striations).

Front 55

The human muscular system is responsible for:

Back 55

*Movement

*Controlling body openings

*Maintain posture

*Communication

*Maintain body temperature.

Front 56

Contractingmuscles pull bones in ___________ and needs an _________ for back andforth.

Back 56

*One direction

*Antagonist

Front 57

Muscles

Back 57

are packages of muscles of muscle fibers, nerves, and blood vessels.

Front 58

Muscle Fibers

Back 58

are cells that contain myofibil.

Front 59

Myofibil

Back 59

the working unit of a muscle, which contains thick filaments (Myosin) and thin filaments (Actin).

Front 60

Muscle Fibers Contracting

Back 60

Actin and myosin are arranged in repeated units called sacromere.

When a muscle contracts the thick filaments stick to the thin filaments by way of active sites.

This causes the thick filaments to pull the thin filaments thus moving the z-lines closer together.

The myosin releases the active by way of ATP.

Front 61

Homeostasis

Back 61

*isthe state of constant internal conditions.

–Blood pressure.

–Temperature.

–pH and chemical composition of blood.

*works off feedback

Front 62

Negative Feedback Loop

Back 62

*an action that counters an existing condition

-Temperature, water

Front 63

Positive Feedback Loop

Back 63

*the body reacts to change by amplifying it.

-Lactation and blood clot.

Front 64

Spermatogenesis

Back 64

*the making of sperm.

*continuous process that begins when a male reaches puberty and continues throughou life.

Front 65

Sperm

Back 65

is made in the seminiferous tubules

Front 66

The male releases

Back 66

Semen

Front 67

Sperm cells secrete to:

Back 67

*give sperm energy - simple sugars

*neutralize urine

*make sperm swim

Front 68

Spermatogonia

Back 68

-One produces 2 daughters

-One stays a germ cell

-Other specializes into a sperm cell

Front 69

Acrosomes

Back 69

packet of digestive enzymes.

Front 70

Oogenesis

Back 70

the making of egg cells

Front 71

Female eggs go through two stops:

Back 71

-Premenstration eggs go through Miosis I

-Upon ovulation the eggs continue and stop at Metaphase II. They will only proceed if fertilized.

-This continues to occur until menopause, the stopping of a woman releasing eggs.

Front 72

Hormones

Back 72

Influence Female Reproductive Function

Front 73

Following Menstration ____ and ____ are released into the blood stream.

This causes the ovaries to release __________ and ____________

–These cause a thickening of the ___________ preparing for implantation.

Back 73

LH & FSH

Estrogen & Progestrone (Birth Control)

Endometrim

Front 74

The build up of estrogen and progesterone trigger a huge release of ____ and _____ triggering ______________. If ___ _________ occurs then ____________ and _________________ sharply decline causing the ________________ to leave the body.

Back 74

LH & FSH

Ovulation

No implantation, estrogen and progesterone, endometrim

Front 75

Fertilization

Back 75

*Sperm’s acrosomes digests into layers outside egg

*begins when the outer membranes of one sperm cell and the egg touch.

-Stops other sperm

*Egg completes Miosis II

*Implantation – zygote embeds in uterus/ endometrim

*Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (Pregnancy Test)

*Keeps cells of corpus luteum producing progesterone

*Prevents menustration

Front 76

Pregnancy

Back 76

Lasts 40 weeks

Week 7 SRY gene is turned on making a boy.Organs start to form and function from 8 to 37 week.

The last organ to achieve function is/are lungs.

Doctors want women to at least get to 34 weeks due to brain development.

The amniotic fluid around the baby is basically urine.

Front 77

During pregnancy women:

Back 77

*Have an increased sense of smell. Can have a metallic taste in their mouth.

*Should eat an extra 300 calories a day.

*Gain around 50% extra blood. Should be taking folic acid. (Prevents birth defects)

Front 78

Delivery

Back 78

Contraction in the Uterus Drive Labor and Childbirth.

Could happen naturally.

Provider may use tools.

Placenta expelled.

Front 79

Labor

Back 79

Pre birth 3 stages Active labor: cervix dialate need 10 cm, contractions become constant and extreme, water breaks.

Front 80

Cesarean

Back 80

baby is removed through surgery.

Most likely all babies will be through c-section.

Front 81

Positive Feedback

Back 81

-Stretching triggers oxytocin release

-Oxytocin stimulates uterus

-Birth stops cycle

Front 82

Birth Defects have many causes:

Back 82

*Any abnormality that causes death or disability in the child

*Alcohol, cigarettes, illicit drugs, prescription drugs,excess or insufficient vitamins, starvation, and viral infection

Front 83

Teratogen

Back 83

substances that cause birth defects.

Front 84

Virus

Back 84

is a small infectious agent that is nucleic material inside of a protein coat.

Front 85

Genetic information:

Back 85

DNA àmRNAàTranslation RNAàmRNAàTranslation(Ribovirus)

RNAàDNA àmRNA àTranslation

– Retrovirus

Front 86

Proteincoat

Back 86

capid

Front 87

Virus

Back 87

Some have a glycoproteins, which help the virusattach and confuse the WBC.

Not alive (acellular) so antibiotic do not work.

Destroyed by WBC once recognized.

Need antibiotics.

Front 88

If a virus infects an organism outside of its host range it can do:

Back 88

– Nothing.

– Replicate but not harm the individual called a reservoir.

Front 89

Host

Back 89

The organisms that a virus can infect

Front 90

Virus mutations:

Back 90

– Retro viruses mutate faster than DNA viruses.

- RNA Polymerates misreads genes more often than DNA polymerates.

Front 91

Human Immunodeficiency Virus: HIV

Back 91

• Origin comes from SIV (Primates & Monkeys)

• Host in humans is WBC.

• Retrovirus -RNA->DNA ->Translation

• 35.3 million people.

• Most in African with 3.4 million children.

• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - AIDS

Front 92

Most successful drug for HIV:

Back 92

AZT because it attacks reverse transcription which is typically not found in humans.

Front 93

Influenza

Back 93

• RNA virus

• Affects pigs, horses and birds.

• New strains commonly occur in pigs.

• H1N1 is a combination of pigs & bird flu.

Front 94

Flu Pandemic 1918

Back 94

– Spanish Flu

– 100 Million dead

– Type H1N1

– Damaged 20 – 40 year olds

- Origin has been placed in France, China, or Kansas

Front 95

Ebola

Back 95

• Named after the Ebola River in the Congo.

• Causes hemorrhagic fever.

• Kills 50% of humans within 28 days.

Reservoir is believed to be bats

Front 96

2014 outbreak:

Back 96

• Linked to 2 year old boy Guinin

• Problem with dead and pregnant

• 3 - 5 cases outside of Africa